diff --git a/src/app.js b/src/app.js
index 41edc483..061a00fc 100644
--- a/src/app.js
+++ b/src/app.js
@@ -52,6 +52,16 @@ class Application {
       await redis.connect()
       logger.success('✅ Redis connected successfully')
 
+      // 💳 初始化账户余额查询服务（Provider 注册）
+      try {
+        const accountBalanceService = require('./services/accountBalanceService')
+        const { registerAllProviders } = require('./services/balanceProviders')
+        registerAllProviders(accountBalanceService)
+        logger.info('✅ 账户余额查询服务已初始化')
+      } catch (error) {
+        logger.warn('⚠️ 账户余额查询服务初始化失败:', error.message)
+      }
+
       // 💰 初始化价格服务
       logger.info('🔄 Initializing pricing service...')
       await pricingService.initialize()
diff --git a/src/models/redis.js b/src/models/redis.js
index 6cffa6a9..48edb116 100644
--- a/src/models/redis.js
+++ b/src/models/redis.js
@@ -1521,6 +1521,99 @@ class RedisClient {
     return await this.client.del(key)
   }
 
+  // 💰 账户余额缓存（API 查询结果）
+  async setAccountBalance(platform, accountId, balanceData, ttl = 3600) {
+    const key = `account_balance:${platform}:${accountId}`
+
+    const payload = {
+      balance:
+        balanceData && balanceData.balance !== null && balanceData.balance !== undefined
+          ? String(balanceData.balance)
+          : '',
+      currency: balanceData?.currency || 'USD',
+      lastRefreshAt: balanceData?.lastRefreshAt || new Date().toISOString(),
+      queryMethod: balanceData?.queryMethod || 'api',
+      status: balanceData?.status || 'success',
+      errorMessage: balanceData?.errorMessage || balanceData?.error || '',
+      rawData: balanceData?.rawData ? JSON.stringify(balanceData.rawData) : '',
+      quota: balanceData?.quota ? JSON.stringify(balanceData.quota) : ''
+    }
+
+    await this.client.hset(key, payload)
+    await this.client.expire(key, ttl)
+  }
+
+  async getAccountBalance(platform, accountId) {
+    const key = `account_balance:${platform}:${accountId}`
+    const [data, ttlSeconds] = await Promise.all([this.client.hgetall(key), this.client.ttl(key)])
+
+    if (!data || Object.keys(data).length === 0) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    let rawData = null
+    if (data.rawData) {
+      try {
+        rawData = JSON.parse(data.rawData)
+      } catch (error) {
+        rawData = null
+      }
+    }
+
+    let quota = null
+    if (data.quota) {
+      try {
+        quota = JSON.parse(data.quota)
+      } catch (error) {
+        quota = null
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      balance: data.balance ? parseFloat(data.balance) : null,
+      currency: data.currency || 'USD',
+      lastRefreshAt: data.lastRefreshAt || null,
+      queryMethod: data.queryMethod || null,
+      status: data.status || null,
+      errorMessage: data.errorMessage || '',
+      rawData,
+      quota,
+      ttlSeconds: Number.isFinite(ttlSeconds) ? ttlSeconds : null
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 📊 账户余额缓存（本地统计）
+  async setLocalBalance(platform, accountId, statisticsData, ttl = 300) {
+    const key = `account_balance_local:${platform}:${accountId}`
+
+    await this.client.hset(key, {
+      estimatedBalance: JSON.stringify(statisticsData || {}),
+      lastCalculated: new Date().toISOString()
+    })
+    await this.client.expire(key, ttl)
+  }
+
+  async getLocalBalance(platform, accountId) {
+    const key = `account_balance_local:${platform}:${accountId}`
+    const data = await this.client.hgetall(key)
+
+    if (!data || !data.estimatedBalance) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    try {
+      return JSON.parse(data.estimatedBalance)
+    } catch (error) {
+      return null
+    }
+  }
+
+  async deleteAccountBalance(platform, accountId) {
+    const key = `account_balance:${platform}:${accountId}`
+    const localKey = `account_balance_local:${platform}:${accountId}`
+    await this.client.del(key, localKey)
+  }
+
   // 📈 系统统计
   async getSystemStats() {
     const keys = await Promise.all([
diff --git a/src/routes/admin/accountBalance.js b/src/routes/admin/accountBalance.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2acffd7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/routes/admin/accountBalance.js
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+const express = require('express')
+const { authenticateAdmin } = require('../../middleware/auth')
+const logger = require('../../utils/logger')
+const accountBalanceService = require('../../services/accountBalanceService')
+
+const router = express.Router()
+
+const ensureValidPlatform = (rawPlatform) => {
+  const normalized = accountBalanceService.normalizePlatform(rawPlatform)
+  if (!normalized) {
+    return { ok: false, status: 400, error: '缺少 platform 参数' }
+  }
+
+  const supported = accountBalanceService.getSupportedPlatforms()
+  if (!supported.includes(normalized)) {
+    return { ok: false, status: 400, error: `不支持的平台: ${normalized}` }
+  }
+
+  return { ok: true, platform: normalized }
+}
+
+// 1) 获取账户余额（默认本地统计优先，可选触发 Provider）
+// GET /admin/accounts/:accountId/balance?platform=xxx&queryApi=false
+router.get('/accounts/:accountId/balance', authenticateAdmin, async (req, res) => {
+  try {
+    const { accountId } = req.params
+    const { platform, queryApi } = req.query
+
+    const valid = ensureValidPlatform(platform)
+    if (!valid.ok) {
+      return res.status(valid.status).json({ success: false, error: valid.error })
+    }
+
+    const balance = await accountBalanceService.getAccountBalance(accountId, valid.platform, {
+      queryApi
+    })
+
+    if (!balance) {
+      return res.status(404).json({ success: false, error: 'Account not found' })
+    }
+
+    return res.json(balance)
+  } catch (error) {
+    logger.error('获取账户余额失败', error)
+    return res.status(500).json({ success: false, error: error.message })
+  }
+})
+
+// 2) 强制刷新账户余额（触发 Provider）
+// POST /admin/accounts/:accountId/balance/refresh
+// Body: { platform: 'xxx' }
+router.post('/accounts/:accountId/balance/refresh', authenticateAdmin, async (req, res) => {
+  try {
+    const { accountId } = req.params
+    const { platform } = req.body || {}
+
+    const valid = ensureValidPlatform(platform)
+    if (!valid.ok) {
+      return res.status(valid.status).json({ success: false, error: valid.error })
+    }
+
+    logger.info(`手动刷新余额: ${valid.platform}:${accountId}`)
+
+    const balance = await accountBalanceService.refreshAccountBalance(accountId, valid.platform)
+    if (!balance) {
+      return res.status(404).json({ success: false, error: 'Account not found' })
+    }
+
+    return res.json(balance)
+  } catch (error) {
+    logger.error('刷新账户余额失败', error)
+    return res.status(500).json({ success: false, error: error.message })
+  }
+})
+
+// 3) 批量获取平台所有账户余额
+// GET /admin/accounts/balance/platform/:platform?queryApi=false
+router.get('/accounts/balance/platform/:platform', authenticateAdmin, async (req, res) => {
+  try {
+    const { platform } = req.params
+    const { queryApi } = req.query
+
+    const valid = ensureValidPlatform(platform)
+    if (!valid.ok) {
+      return res.status(valid.status).json({ success: false, error: valid.error })
+    }
+
+    const balances = await accountBalanceService.getAllAccountsBalance(valid.platform, { queryApi })
+
+    return res.json({ success: true, data: balances })
+  } catch (error) {
+    logger.error('批量获取余额失败', error)
+    return res.status(500).json({ success: false, error: error.message })
+  }
+})
+
+// 4) 获取余额汇总（Dashboard 用）
+// GET /admin/accounts/balance/summary
+router.get('/accounts/balance/summary', authenticateAdmin, async (req, res) => {
+  try {
+    const summary = await accountBalanceService.getBalanceSummary()
+    return res.json({ success: true, data: summary })
+  } catch (error) {
+    logger.error('获取余额汇总失败', error)
+    return res.status(500).json({ success: false, error: error.message })
+  }
+})
+
+// 5) 清除缓存
+// DELETE /admin/accounts/:accountId/balance/cache?platform=xxx
+router.delete('/accounts/:accountId/balance/cache', authenticateAdmin, async (req, res) => {
+  try {
+    const { accountId } = req.params
+    const { platform } = req.query
+
+    const valid = ensureValidPlatform(platform)
+    if (!valid.ok) {
+      return res.status(valid.status).json({ success: false, error: valid.error })
+    }
+
+    await accountBalanceService.clearCache(accountId, valid.platform)
+
+    return res.json({ success: true, message: '缓存已清除' })
+  } catch (error) {
+    logger.error('清除缓存失败', error)
+    return res.status(500).json({ success: false, error: error.message })
+  }
+})
+
+module.exports = router
diff --git a/src/routes/admin/index.js b/src/routes/admin/index.js
index c91aa5e7..f7deafd6 100644
--- a/src/routes/admin/index.js
+++ b/src/routes/admin/index.js
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ const openaiResponsesAccountsRoutes = require('./openaiResponsesAccounts')
 const droidAccountsRoutes = require('./droidAccounts')
 const dashboardRoutes = require('./dashboard')
 const usageStatsRoutes = require('./usageStats')
+const accountBalanceRoutes = require('./accountBalance')
 const systemRoutes = require('./system')
 const concurrencyRoutes = require('./concurrency')
 const claudeRelayConfigRoutes = require('./claudeRelayConfig')
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ router.use('/', openaiResponsesAccountsRoutes)
 router.use('/', droidAccountsRoutes)
 router.use('/', dashboardRoutes)
 router.use('/', usageStatsRoutes)
+router.use('/', accountBalanceRoutes)
 router.use('/', systemRoutes)
 router.use('/', concurrencyRoutes)
 router.use('/', claudeRelayConfigRoutes)
diff --git a/src/services/accountBalanceService.js b/src/services/accountBalanceService.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ef882cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/services/accountBalanceService.js
@@ -0,0 +1,652 @@
+const redis = require('../models/redis')
+const logger = require('../utils/logger')
+const CostCalculator = require('../utils/costCalculator')
+
+class AccountBalanceService {
+  constructor(options = {}) {
+    this.redis = options.redis || redis
+    this.logger = options.logger || logger
+
+    this.providers = new Map()
+
+    this.CACHE_TTL_SECONDS = 3600
+    this.LOCAL_TTL_SECONDS = 300
+
+    this.LOW_BALANCE_THRESHOLD = 10
+    this.HIGH_USAGE_THRESHOLD_PERCENT = 90
+    this.DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY = 10
+  }
+
+  getSupportedPlatforms() {
+    return [
+      'claude',
+      'claude-console',
+      'gemini',
+      'gemini-api',
+      'openai',
+      'openai-responses',
+      'azure_openai',
+      'bedrock',
+      'droid',
+      'ccr'
+    ]
+  }
+
+  normalizePlatform(platform) {
+    if (!platform) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const value = String(platform).trim().toLowerCase()
+
+    // 兼容实施文档与历史命名
+    if (value === 'claude-official') {
+      return 'claude'
+    }
+    if (value === 'azure-openai') {
+      return 'azure_openai'
+    }
+
+    // 保持前端平台键一致
+    return value
+  }
+
+  registerProvider(platform, provider) {
+    const normalized = this.normalizePlatform(platform)
+    if (!normalized) {
+      throw new Error('registerProvider: 缺少 platform')
+    }
+    if (!provider || typeof provider.queryBalance !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error(`registerProvider: Provider 无效 (${normalized})`)
+    }
+    this.providers.set(normalized, provider)
+  }
+
+  async getAccountBalance(accountId, platform, options = {}) {
+    const normalizedPlatform = this.normalizePlatform(platform)
+    const account = await this.getAccount(accountId, normalizedPlatform)
+    if (!account) {
+      return null
+    }
+    return await this._getAccountBalanceForAccount(account, normalizedPlatform, options)
+  }
+
+  async refreshAccountBalance(accountId, platform) {
+    const normalizedPlatform = this.normalizePlatform(platform)
+    const account = await this.getAccount(accountId, normalizedPlatform)
+    if (!account) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return await this._getAccountBalanceForAccount(account, normalizedPlatform, {
+      queryApi: true,
+      useCache: false
+    })
+  }
+
+  async getAllAccountsBalance(platform, options = {}) {
+    const normalizedPlatform = this.normalizePlatform(platform)
+    const accounts = await this.getAllAccountsByPlatform(normalizedPlatform)
+    const queryApi = this._parseBoolean(options.queryApi) || false
+    const useCache = options.useCache !== false
+
+    const results = await this._mapWithConcurrency(
+      accounts,
+      this.DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY,
+      async (acc) => {
+        try {
+          const balance = await this._getAccountBalanceForAccount(acc, normalizedPlatform, {
+            queryApi,
+            useCache
+          })
+          return { ...balance, name: acc.name || '' }
+        } catch (error) {
+          this.logger.error(`批量获取余额失败: ${normalizedPlatform}:${acc?.id}`, error)
+          return {
+            success: true,
+            data: {
+              accountId: acc?.id,
+              platform: normalizedPlatform,
+              balance: null,
+              quota: null,
+              statistics: {},
+              source: 'local',
+              lastRefreshAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+              cacheExpiresAt: null,
+              status: 'error',
+              error: error.message || '批量查询失败'
+            },
+            name: acc?.name || ''
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    )
+
+    return results
+  }
+
+  async getBalanceSummary() {
+    const platforms = this.getSupportedPlatforms()
+
+    const summary = {
+      totalBalance: 0,
+      totalCost: 0,
+      lowBalanceCount: 0,
+      platforms: {}
+    }
+
+    for (const platform of platforms) {
+      const accounts = await this.getAllAccountsByPlatform(platform)
+      const platformData = {
+        count: accounts.length,
+        totalBalance: 0,
+        totalCost: 0,
+        lowBalanceCount: 0,
+        accounts: []
+      }
+
+      const balances = await this._mapWithConcurrency(
+        accounts,
+        this.DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY,
+        async (acc) => {
+          const balance = await this._getAccountBalanceForAccount(acc, platform, {
+            queryApi: false,
+            useCache: true
+          })
+          return { ...balance, name: acc.name || '' }
+        }
+      )
+
+      for (const item of balances) {
+        platformData.accounts.push(item)
+
+        const amount = item?.data?.balance?.amount
+        const percentage = item?.data?.quota?.percentage
+        const totalCost = Number(item?.data?.statistics?.totalCost || 0)
+
+        const hasAmount = typeof amount === 'number' && Number.isFinite(amount)
+        const isLowBalance = hasAmount && amount < this.LOW_BALANCE_THRESHOLD
+        const isHighUsage =
+          typeof percentage === 'number' &&
+          Number.isFinite(percentage) &&
+          percentage > this.HIGH_USAGE_THRESHOLD_PERCENT
+
+        if (hasAmount) {
+          platformData.totalBalance += amount
+        }
+
+        if (isLowBalance || isHighUsage) {
+          platformData.lowBalanceCount += 1
+          summary.lowBalanceCount += 1
+        }
+
+        platformData.totalCost += totalCost
+      }
+
+      summary.platforms[platform] = platformData
+      summary.totalBalance += platformData.totalBalance
+      summary.totalCost += platformData.totalCost
+    }
+
+    return summary
+  }
+
+  async clearCache(accountId, platform) {
+    const normalizedPlatform = this.normalizePlatform(platform)
+    if (!normalizedPlatform) {
+      throw new Error('缺少 platform 参数')
+    }
+
+    await this.redis.deleteAccountBalance(normalizedPlatform, accountId)
+    this.logger.info(`余额缓存已清除: ${normalizedPlatform}:${accountId}`)
+  }
+
+  async getAccount(accountId, platform) {
+    if (!accountId || !platform) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    const serviceMap = {
+      claude: require('./claudeAccountService'),
+      'claude-console': require('./claudeConsoleAccountService'),
+      gemini: require('./geminiAccountService'),
+      'gemini-api': require('./geminiApiAccountService'),
+      openai: require('./openaiAccountService'),
+      'openai-responses': require('./openaiResponsesAccountService'),
+      azure_openai: require('./azureOpenaiAccountService'),
+      bedrock: require('./bedrockAccountService'),
+      droid: require('./droidAccountService'),
+      ccr: require('./ccrAccountService')
+    }
+
+    const service = serviceMap[platform]
+    if (!service || typeof service.getAccount !== 'function') {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return await service.getAccount(accountId)
+  }
+
+  async getAllAccountsByPlatform(platform) {
+    if (!platform) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    const serviceMap = {
+      claude: require('./claudeAccountService'),
+      'claude-console': require('./claudeConsoleAccountService'),
+      gemini: require('./geminiAccountService'),
+      'gemini-api': require('./geminiApiAccountService'),
+      openai: require('./openaiAccountService'),
+      'openai-responses': require('./openaiResponsesAccountService'),
+      azure_openai: require('./azureOpenaiAccountService'),
+      bedrock: require('./bedrockAccountService'),
+      droid: require('./droidAccountService'),
+      ccr: require('./ccrAccountService')
+    }
+
+    const service = serviceMap[platform]
+    if (!service) {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    // Bedrock 特殊：返回 { success, data }
+    if (platform === 'bedrock' && typeof service.getAllAccounts === 'function') {
+      const result = await service.getAllAccounts()
+      return result?.success ? result.data || [] : []
+    }
+
+    if (platform === 'openai-responses') {
+      return await service.getAllAccounts(true)
+    }
+
+    if (typeof service.getAllAccounts !== 'function') {
+      return []
+    }
+
+    return await service.getAllAccounts()
+  }
+
+  async _getAccountBalanceForAccount(account, platform, options = {}) {
+    const queryApi = this._parseBoolean(options.queryApi) || false
+    const useCache = options.useCache !== false
+
+    const accountId = account?.id
+    if (!accountId) {
+      throw new Error('账户缺少 id')
+    }
+
+    const localBalance = await this._getBalanceFromLocal(accountId, platform)
+    const localStatistics = localBalance.statistics || {}
+
+    const quotaFromLocal = this._buildQuotaFromLocal(account, localStatistics)
+
+    // 非强制查询：优先读缓存
+    if (!queryApi) {
+      if (useCache) {
+        const cached = await this.redis.getAccountBalance(platform, accountId)
+        if (cached && cached.status === 'success') {
+          return this._buildResponse(
+            {
+              status: cached.status,
+              errorMessage: cached.errorMessage,
+              balance: quotaFromLocal.balance ?? cached.balance,
+              currency: quotaFromLocal.currency || cached.currency || 'USD',
+              quota: quotaFromLocal.quota || cached.quota || null,
+              statistics: localStatistics,
+              lastRefreshAt: cached.lastRefreshAt
+            },
+            accountId,
+            platform,
+            'cache',
+            cached.ttlSeconds
+          )
+        }
+      }
+
+      return this._buildResponse(
+        {
+          status: 'success',
+          errorMessage: null,
+          balance: quotaFromLocal.balance,
+          currency: quotaFromLocal.currency || 'USD',
+          quota: quotaFromLocal.quota,
+          statistics: localStatistics,
+          lastRefreshAt: localBalance.lastCalculated
+        },
+        accountId,
+        platform,
+        'local'
+      )
+    }
+
+    // 强制查询：调用 Provider，失败自动降级到本地统计
+    const provider = this.providers.get(platform)
+    if (!provider) {
+      return this._buildResponse(
+        {
+          status: 'error',
+          errorMessage: `不支持的平台: ${platform}`,
+          balance: quotaFromLocal.balance,
+          currency: quotaFromLocal.currency || 'USD',
+          quota: quotaFromLocal.quota,
+          statistics: localStatistics,
+          lastRefreshAt: new Date().toISOString()
+        },
+        accountId,
+        platform,
+        'local'
+      )
+    }
+
+    const providerResult = await this._getBalanceFromProvider(provider, account)
+    await this.redis.setAccountBalance(platform, accountId, providerResult, this.CACHE_TTL_SECONDS)
+
+    const source = providerResult.status === 'success' ? 'api' : 'local'
+
+    return this._buildResponse(
+      {
+        status: providerResult.status,
+        errorMessage: providerResult.errorMessage,
+        balance: quotaFromLocal.balance ?? providerResult.balance,
+        currency: quotaFromLocal.currency || providerResult.currency || 'USD',
+        quota: quotaFromLocal.quota || providerResult.quota || null,
+        statistics: localStatistics,
+        lastRefreshAt: providerResult.lastRefreshAt
+      },
+      accountId,
+      platform,
+      source
+    )
+  }
+
+  async _getBalanceFromProvider(provider, account) {
+    try {
+      const result = await provider.queryBalance(account)
+      return {
+        status: 'success',
+        balance: typeof result?.balance === 'number' ? result.balance : null,
+        currency: result?.currency || 'USD',
+        quota: result?.quota || null,
+        queryMethod: result?.queryMethod || 'api',
+        rawData: result?.rawData || null,
+        lastRefreshAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+        errorMessage: ''
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      return {
+        status: 'error',
+        balance: null,
+        currency: 'USD',
+        quota: null,
+        queryMethod: 'api',
+        rawData: null,
+        lastRefreshAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+        errorMessage: error.message || '查询失败'
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  async _getBalanceFromLocal(accountId, platform) {
+    const cached = await this.redis.getLocalBalance(platform, accountId)
+    if (cached && cached.statistics) {
+      return cached
+    }
+
+    const statistics = await this._computeLocalStatistics(accountId)
+    const localBalance = {
+      status: 'success',
+      balance: null,
+      currency: 'USD',
+      statistics,
+      queryMethod: 'local',
+      lastCalculated: new Date().toISOString()
+    }
+
+    await this.redis.setLocalBalance(platform, accountId, localBalance, this.LOCAL_TTL_SECONDS)
+    return localBalance
+  }
+
+  async _computeLocalStatistics(accountId) {
+    const safeNumber = (value) => {
+      const num = Number(value)
+      return Number.isFinite(num) ? num : 0
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const usageStats = await this.redis.getAccountUsageStats(accountId)
+      const dailyCost = safeNumber(usageStats?.daily?.cost || 0)
+      const monthlyCost = await this._computeMonthlyCost(accountId)
+      const totalCost = await this._computeTotalCost(accountId)
+
+      return {
+        totalCost,
+        dailyCost,
+        monthlyCost,
+        totalRequests: safeNumber(usageStats?.total?.requests || 0),
+        dailyRequests: safeNumber(usageStats?.daily?.requests || 0),
+        monthlyRequests: safeNumber(usageStats?.monthly?.requests || 0)
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.logger.debug(`本地统计计算失败: ${accountId}`, error)
+      return {
+        totalCost: 0,
+        dailyCost: 0,
+        monthlyCost: 0,
+        totalRequests: 0,
+        dailyRequests: 0,
+        monthlyRequests: 0
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  async _computeMonthlyCost(accountId) {
+    const tzDate = this.redis.getDateInTimezone(new Date())
+    const currentMonth = `${tzDate.getUTCFullYear()}-${String(tzDate.getUTCMonth() + 1).padStart(
+      2,
+      '0'
+    )}`
+
+    const pattern = `account_usage:model:monthly:${accountId}:*:${currentMonth}`
+    return await this._sumModelCostsByKeysPattern(pattern)
+  }
+
+  async _computeTotalCost(accountId) {
+    const pattern = `account_usage:model:monthly:${accountId}:*:*`
+    return await this._sumModelCostsByKeysPattern(pattern)
+  }
+
+  async _sumModelCostsByKeysPattern(pattern) {
+    try {
+      const client = this.redis.getClientSafe()
+      const keys = await client.keys(pattern)
+      if (!keys || keys.length === 0) {
+        return 0
+      }
+
+      const pipeline = client.pipeline()
+      keys.forEach((key) => pipeline.hgetall(key))
+      const results = await pipeline.exec()
+
+      let totalCost = 0
+      for (let i = 0; i < results.length; i += 1) {
+        const [, data] = results[i] || []
+        if (!data || Object.keys(data).length === 0) {
+          continue
+        }
+
+        const parts = String(keys[i]).split(':')
+        const model = parts[4] || 'unknown'
+
+        const usage = {
+          input_tokens: parseInt(data.inputTokens || 0),
+          output_tokens: parseInt(data.outputTokens || 0),
+          cache_creation_input_tokens: parseInt(data.cacheCreateTokens || 0),
+          cache_read_input_tokens: parseInt(data.cacheReadTokens || 0)
+        }
+
+        const costResult = CostCalculator.calculateCost(usage, model)
+        totalCost += costResult.costs.total || 0
+      }
+
+      return totalCost
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.logger.debug(`汇总模型费用失败: ${pattern}`, error)
+      return 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  _buildQuotaFromLocal(account, statistics) {
+    if (!account || !Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(account, 'dailyQuota')) {
+      return { balance: null, currency: null, quota: null }
+    }
+
+    const dailyQuota = Number(account.dailyQuota || 0)
+    const used = Number(statistics?.dailyCost || 0)
+
+    const resetAt = this._computeNextResetAt(account.quotaResetTime || '00:00')
+
+    // 不限制
+    if (!Number.isFinite(dailyQuota) || dailyQuota <= 0) {
+      return {
+        balance: null,
+        currency: 'USD',
+        quota: {
+          daily: Infinity,
+          used,
+          remaining: Infinity,
+          percentage: 0,
+          unlimited: true,
+          resetAt
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    const remaining = Math.max(0, dailyQuota - used)
+    const percentage = dailyQuota > 0 ? (used / dailyQuota) * 100 : 0
+
+    return {
+      balance: remaining,
+      currency: 'USD',
+      quota: {
+        daily: dailyQuota,
+        used,
+        remaining,
+        resetAt,
+        percentage: Math.round(percentage * 100) / 100
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  _computeNextResetAt(resetTime) {
+    const now = new Date()
+    const tzNow = this.redis.getDateInTimezone(now)
+    const offsetMs = tzNow.getTime() - now.getTime()
+
+    const [h, m] = String(resetTime || '00:00')
+      .split(':')
+      .map((n) => parseInt(n, 10))
+
+    const resetHour = Number.isFinite(h) ? h : 0
+    const resetMinute = Number.isFinite(m) ? m : 0
+
+    const year = tzNow.getUTCFullYear()
+    const month = tzNow.getUTCMonth()
+    const day = tzNow.getUTCDate()
+
+    let resetAtMs = Date.UTC(year, month, day, resetHour, resetMinute, 0, 0) - offsetMs
+    if (resetAtMs <= now.getTime()) {
+      resetAtMs += 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+    }
+
+    return new Date(resetAtMs).toISOString()
+  }
+
+  _buildResponse(balanceData, accountId, platform, source, ttlSeconds = null) {
+    const now = new Date()
+
+    const amount = typeof balanceData.balance === 'number' ? balanceData.balance : null
+    const currency = balanceData.currency || 'USD'
+
+    let cacheExpiresAt = null
+    if (source === 'cache') {
+      const ttl =
+        typeof ttlSeconds === 'number' && ttlSeconds > 0 ? ttlSeconds : this.CACHE_TTL_SECONDS
+      cacheExpiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + ttl * 1000).toISOString()
+    }
+
+    return {
+      success: true,
+      data: {
+        accountId,
+        platform,
+        balance:
+          typeof amount === 'number'
+            ? {
+                amount,
+                currency,
+                formattedAmount: this._formatCurrency(amount, currency)
+              }
+            : null,
+        quota: balanceData.quota || null,
+        statistics: balanceData.statistics || {},
+        source,
+        lastRefreshAt: balanceData.lastRefreshAt || now.toISOString(),
+        cacheExpiresAt,
+        status: balanceData.status || 'success',
+        error: balanceData.errorMessage || null
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  _formatCurrency(amount, currency = 'USD') {
+    try {
+      if (typeof amount !== 'number' || !Number.isFinite(amount)) {
+        return 'N/A'
+      }
+      return new Intl.NumberFormat('en-US', { style: 'currency', currency }).format(amount)
+    } catch (error) {
+      return `$${amount.toFixed(2)}`
+    }
+  }
+
+  _parseBoolean(value) {
+    if (typeof value === 'boolean') {
+      return value
+    }
+    if (typeof value !== 'string') {
+      return null
+    }
+    const normalized = value.trim().toLowerCase()
+    if (normalized === 'true' || normalized === '1' || normalized === 'yes') {
+      return true
+    }
+    if (normalized === 'false' || normalized === '0' || normalized === 'no') {
+      return false
+    }
+    return null
+  }
+
+  async _mapWithConcurrency(items, limit, mapper) {
+    const concurrency = Math.max(1, Number(limit) || 1)
+    const list = Array.isArray(items) ? items : []
+
+    const results = new Array(list.length)
+    let nextIndex = 0
+
+    const workers = new Array(Math.min(concurrency, list.length)).fill(null).map(async () => {
+      while (nextIndex < list.length) {
+        const currentIndex = nextIndex
+        nextIndex += 1
+        results[currentIndex] = await mapper(list[currentIndex], currentIndex)
+      }
+    })
+
+    await Promise.all(workers)
+    return results
+  }
+}
+
+const accountBalanceService = new AccountBalanceService()
+module.exports = accountBalanceService
+module.exports.AccountBalanceService = AccountBalanceService
diff --git a/src/services/balanceProviders/baseBalanceProvider.js b/src/services/balanceProviders/baseBalanceProvider.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ececd2e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/services/balanceProviders/baseBalanceProvider.js
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+const axios = require('axios')
+const logger = require('../../utils/logger')
+const ProxyHelper = require('../../utils/proxyHelper')
+
+/**
+ * Provider 抽象基类
+ * 各平台 Provider 需继承并实现 queryBalance(account)
+ */
+class BaseBalanceProvider {
+  constructor(platform) {
+    this.platform = platform
+    this.logger = logger
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * 查询余额（抽象方法）
+   * @param {object} account - 账户对象
+   * @returns {Promise<object>}
+   * 形如：
+   * {
+   *   balance: number|null,
+   *   currency?: string,
+   *   quota?: { daily, used, remaining, resetAt, percentage, unlimited? },
+   *   queryMethod?: 'api'|'field'|'local',
+   *   rawData?: any
+   * }
+   */
+  async queryBalance(_account) {
+    throw new Error('queryBalance 方法必须由子类实现')
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * 通用 HTTP 请求方法（支持代理）
+   * @param {string} url
+   * @param {object} options
+   * @param {object} account
+   */
+  async makeRequest(url, options = {}, account = {}) {
+    const config = {
+      url,
+      method: options.method || 'GET',
+      headers: options.headers || {},
+      timeout: options.timeout || 15000,
+      data: options.data,
+      params: options.params,
+      responseType: options.responseType
+    }
+
+    const proxyConfig = account.proxyConfig || account.proxy
+    if (proxyConfig) {
+      const agent = ProxyHelper.createProxyAgent(proxyConfig)
+      if (agent) {
+        config.httpAgent = agent
+        config.httpsAgent = agent
+        config.proxy = false
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const response = await axios(config)
+      return {
+        success: true,
+        data: response.data,
+        status: response.status,
+        headers: response.headers
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      const status = error.response?.status
+      const message = error.response?.data?.message || error.message || '请求失败'
+      this.logger.debug(`余额 Provider HTTP 请求失败: ${url} (${this.platform})`, {
+        status,
+        message
+      })
+      return { success: false, status, error: message }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * 从账户字段读取 dailyQuota / dailyUsage（通用降级方案）
+   * 注意：部分平台 dailyUsage 字段可能不是实时值，最终以 AccountBalanceService 的本地统计为准
+   */
+  readQuotaFromFields(account) {
+    const dailyQuota = Number(account?.dailyQuota || 0)
+    const dailyUsage = Number(account?.dailyUsage || 0)
+
+    // 无限制
+    if (!Number.isFinite(dailyQuota) || dailyQuota <= 0) {
+      return {
+        balance: null,
+        currency: 'USD',
+        quota: {
+          daily: Infinity,
+          used: Number.isFinite(dailyUsage) ? dailyUsage : 0,
+          remaining: Infinity,
+          percentage: 0,
+          unlimited: true
+        },
+        queryMethod: 'field'
+      }
+    }
+
+    const used = Number.isFinite(dailyUsage) ? dailyUsage : 0
+    const remaining = Math.max(0, dailyQuota - used)
+    const percentage = dailyQuota > 0 ? (used / dailyQuota) * 100 : 0
+
+    return {
+      balance: remaining,
+      currency: 'USD',
+      quota: {
+        daily: dailyQuota,
+        used,
+        remaining,
+        percentage: Math.round(percentage * 100) / 100
+      },
+      queryMethod: 'field'
+    }
+  }
+
+  parseCurrency(data) {
+    return data?.currency || data?.Currency || 'USD'
+  }
+
+  async safeExecute(fn, fallbackValue = null) {
+    try {
+      return await fn()
+    } catch (error) {
+      this.logger.error(`余额 Provider 执行失败: ${this.platform}`, error)
+      return fallbackValue
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = BaseBalanceProvider
diff --git a/src/services/balanceProviders/claudeBalanceProvider.js b/src/services/balanceProviders/claudeBalanceProvider.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89783028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/services/balanceProviders/claudeBalanceProvider.js
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+const BaseBalanceProvider = require('./baseBalanceProvider')
+const claudeAccountService = require('../claudeAccountService')
+
+class ClaudeBalanceProvider extends BaseBalanceProvider {
+  constructor() {
+    super('claude')
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Claude（OAuth）：优先尝试获取 OAuth usage（用于配额/使用信息），不强行提供余额金额
+   */
+  async queryBalance(account) {
+    this.logger.debug(`查询 Claude 余额（OAuth usage）: ${account?.id}`)
+
+    // 仅 OAuth 账户可用；失败时降级
+    const usageData = await claudeAccountService.fetchOAuthUsage(account.id).catch(() => null)
+    if (!usageData) {
+      return { balance: null, currency: 'USD', queryMethod: 'local' }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      balance: null,
+      currency: 'USD',
+      queryMethod: 'api',
+      rawData: usageData
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = ClaudeBalanceProvider
diff --git a/src/services/balanceProviders/claudeConsoleBalanceProvider.js b/src/services/balanceProviders/claudeConsoleBalanceProvider.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5441047
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/services/balanceProviders/claudeConsoleBalanceProvider.js
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+const BaseBalanceProvider = require('./baseBalanceProvider')
+
+class ClaudeConsoleBalanceProvider extends BaseBalanceProvider {
+  constructor() {
+    super('claude-console')
+  }
+
+  async queryBalance(account) {
+    this.logger.debug(`查询 Claude Console 余额（字段）: ${account?.id}`)
+    return this.readQuotaFromFields(account)
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = ClaudeConsoleBalanceProvider
diff --git a/src/services/balanceProviders/genericBalanceProvider.js b/src/services/balanceProviders/genericBalanceProvider.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b3efe2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/services/balanceProviders/genericBalanceProvider.js
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+const BaseBalanceProvider = require('./baseBalanceProvider')
+
+class GenericBalanceProvider extends BaseBalanceProvider {
+  constructor(platform) {
+    super(platform)
+  }
+
+  async queryBalance(account) {
+    this.logger.debug(`${this.platform} 暂无专用余额 API，实现降级策略`)
+
+    if (account && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(account, 'dailyQuota')) {
+      return this.readQuotaFromFields(account)
+    }
+
+    return {
+      balance: null,
+      currency: 'USD',
+      queryMethod: 'local'
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = GenericBalanceProvider
diff --git a/src/services/balanceProviders/index.js b/src/services/balanceProviders/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d55fda5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/services/balanceProviders/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+const ClaudeBalanceProvider = require('./claudeBalanceProvider')
+const ClaudeConsoleBalanceProvider = require('./claudeConsoleBalanceProvider')
+const OpenAIResponsesBalanceProvider = require('./openaiResponsesBalanceProvider')
+const GenericBalanceProvider = require('./genericBalanceProvider')
+
+function registerAllProviders(balanceService) {
+  // Claude
+  balanceService.registerProvider('claude', new ClaudeBalanceProvider())
+  balanceService.registerProvider('claude-console', new ClaudeConsoleBalanceProvider())
+
+  // OpenAI / Codex
+  balanceService.registerProvider('openai-responses', new OpenAIResponsesBalanceProvider())
+  balanceService.registerProvider('openai', new GenericBalanceProvider('openai'))
+  balanceService.registerProvider('azure_openai', new GenericBalanceProvider('azure_openai'))
+
+  // 其他平台（降级）
+  balanceService.registerProvider('gemini', new GenericBalanceProvider('gemini'))
+  balanceService.registerProvider('gemini-api', new GenericBalanceProvider('gemini-api'))
+  balanceService.registerProvider('bedrock', new GenericBalanceProvider('bedrock'))
+  balanceService.registerProvider('droid', new GenericBalanceProvider('droid'))
+  balanceService.registerProvider('ccr', new GenericBalanceProvider('ccr'))
+}
+
+module.exports = { registerAllProviders }
diff --git a/src/services/balanceProviders/openaiResponsesBalanceProvider.js b/src/services/balanceProviders/openaiResponsesBalanceProvider.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ff8433e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/services/balanceProviders/openaiResponsesBalanceProvider.js
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+const BaseBalanceProvider = require('./baseBalanceProvider')
+
+class OpenAIResponsesBalanceProvider extends BaseBalanceProvider {
+  constructor() {
+    super('openai-responses')
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * OpenAI-Responses：
+   * - 优先使用 dailyQuota 字段（如果配置了额度）
+   * - 可选：尝试调用兼容 API（不同服务商实现不一，失败自动降级）
+   */
+  async queryBalance(account) {
+    this.logger.debug(`查询 OpenAI Responses 余额: ${account?.id}`)
+
+    // 配置了额度时直接返回（字段法）
+    if (account?.dailyQuota && Number(account.dailyQuota) > 0) {
+      return this.readQuotaFromFields(account)
+    }
+
+    // 尝试调用 usage 接口（兼容性不保证）
+    if (account?.apiKey && account?.baseApi) {
+      const baseApi = String(account.baseApi).replace(/\/$/, '')
+      const response = await this.makeRequest(
+        `${baseApi}/v1/usage`,
+        {
+          method: 'GET',
+          headers: {
+            Authorization: `Bearer ${account.apiKey}`,
+            'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+          }
+        },
+        account
+      )
+
+      if (response.success) {
+        return {
+          balance: null,
+          currency: this.parseCurrency(response.data),
+          queryMethod: 'api',
+          rawData: response.data
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return {
+      balance: null,
+      currency: 'USD',
+      queryMethod: 'local'
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = OpenAIResponsesBalanceProvider
diff --git a/tests/accountBalanceService.test.js b/tests/accountBalanceService.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9510b9b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/accountBalanceService.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// Mock logger，避免测试输出污染控制台
+jest.mock('../src/utils/logger', () => ({
+  debug: jest.fn(),
+  info: jest.fn(),
+  warn: jest.fn(),
+  error: jest.fn()
+}))
+
+const accountBalanceServiceModule = require('../src/services/accountBalanceService')
+
+const { AccountBalanceService } = accountBalanceServiceModule
+
+describe('AccountBalanceService', () => {
+  const mockLogger = {
+    debug: jest.fn(),
+    info: jest.fn(),
+    warn: jest.fn(),
+    error: jest.fn()
+  }
+
+  const buildMockRedis = () => ({
+    getLocalBalance: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(null),
+    setLocalBalance: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+    getAccountBalance: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(null),
+    setAccountBalance: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+    deleteAccountBalance: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+    getAccountUsageStats: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+      total: { requests: 10 },
+      daily: { requests: 2, cost: 20 },
+      monthly: { requests: 5 }
+    }),
+    getDateInTimezone: (date) => new Date(date.getTime() + 8 * 3600 * 1000)
+  })
+
+  it('should normalize platform aliases', () => {
+    const service = new AccountBalanceService({ redis: buildMockRedis(), logger: mockLogger })
+    expect(service.normalizePlatform('claude-official')).toBe('claude')
+    expect(service.normalizePlatform('azure-openai')).toBe('azure_openai')
+    expect(service.normalizePlatform('gemini-api')).toBe('gemini-api')
+  })
+
+  it('should build local quota/balance from dailyQuota and local dailyCost', async () => {
+    const mockRedis = buildMockRedis()
+    const service = new AccountBalanceService({ redis: mockRedis, logger: mockLogger })
+
+    service._computeMonthlyCost = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(30)
+    service._computeTotalCost = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(123.45)
+
+    const account = { id: 'acct-1', name: 'A', dailyQuota: '100', quotaResetTime: '00:00' }
+    const result = await service._getAccountBalanceForAccount(account, 'claude-console', {
+      queryApi: false,
+      useCache: true
+    })
+
+    expect(result.success).toBe(true)
+    expect(result.data.source).toBe('local')
+    expect(result.data.balance.amount).toBeCloseTo(80, 6)
+    expect(result.data.quota.percentage).toBeCloseTo(20, 6)
+    expect(result.data.statistics.totalCost).toBeCloseTo(123.45, 6)
+    expect(mockRedis.setLocalBalance).toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('should use cached balance when account has no dailyQuota', async () => {
+    const mockRedis = buildMockRedis()
+    mockRedis.getAccountBalance.mockResolvedValue({
+      status: 'success',
+      balance: 12.34,
+      currency: 'USD',
+      quota: null,
+      errorMessage: '',
+      lastRefreshAt: '2025-01-01T00:00:00Z',
+      ttlSeconds: 120
+    })
+
+    const service = new AccountBalanceService({ redis: mockRedis, logger: mockLogger })
+    service._computeMonthlyCost = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(0)
+    service._computeTotalCost = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(0)
+
+    const account = { id: 'acct-2', name: 'B' }
+    const result = await service._getAccountBalanceForAccount(account, 'openai', {
+      queryApi: false,
+      useCache: true
+    })
+
+    expect(result.data.source).toBe('cache')
+    expect(result.data.balance.amount).toBeCloseTo(12.34, 6)
+    expect(result.data.lastRefreshAt).toBe('2025-01-01T00:00:00Z')
+  })
+
+  it('should cache provider errors and fallback to local when queryApi=true', async () => {
+    const mockRedis = buildMockRedis()
+    const service = new AccountBalanceService({ redis: mockRedis, logger: mockLogger })
+
+    service._computeMonthlyCost = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(0)
+    service._computeTotalCost = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue(0)
+
+    service.registerProvider('openai', {
+      queryBalance: () => {
+        throw new Error('boom')
+      }
+    })
+
+    const account = { id: 'acct-3', name: 'C' }
+    const result = await service._getAccountBalanceForAccount(account, 'openai', {
+      queryApi: true,
+      useCache: false
+    })
+
+    expect(mockRedis.setAccountBalance).toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(result.data.source).toBe('local')
+    expect(result.data.status).toBe('error')
+    expect(result.data.error).toBe('boom')
+  })
+
+  it('should count low balance once per account in summary', async () => {
+    const mockRedis = buildMockRedis()
+    const service = new AccountBalanceService({ redis: mockRedis, logger: mockLogger })
+
+    service.getSupportedPlatforms = () => ['claude-console']
+    service.getAllAccountsByPlatform = async () => [{ id: 'acct-4', name: 'D' }]
+    service._getAccountBalanceForAccount = async () => ({
+      success: true,
+      data: {
+        accountId: 'acct-4',
+        platform: 'claude-console',
+        balance: { amount: 5, currency: 'USD', formattedAmount: '$5.00' },
+        quota: { percentage: 95 },
+        statistics: { totalCost: 1 },
+        source: 'local',
+        lastRefreshAt: '2025-01-01T00:00:00Z',
+        cacheExpiresAt: null,
+        status: 'success',
+        error: null
+      }
+    })
+
+    const summary = await service.getBalanceSummary()
+    expect(summary.lowBalanceCount).toBe(1)
+    expect(summary.platforms['claude-console'].lowBalanceCount).toBe(1)
+  })
+})
+
diff --git a/web/admin-spa/src/components/accounts/BalanceDisplay.vue b/web/admin-spa/src/components/accounts/BalanceDisplay.vue
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18d301f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web/admin-spa/src/components/accounts/BalanceDisplay.vue
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+<template>
+  <div class="min-w-[200px] space-y-1">
+    <div v-if="loading" class="flex items-center gap-2">
+      <i class="fas fa-spinner fa-spin text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-500"></i>
+      <span class="text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">加载中...</span>
+    </div>
+
+    <div v-else-if="requestError" class="flex items-center gap-2">
+      <i class="fas fa-exclamation-circle text-red-500"></i>
+      <span class="text-xs text-red-600 dark:text-red-400">{{ requestError }}</span>
+      <button
+        class="text-xs text-blue-500 hover:text-blue-600 dark:text-blue-400"
+        :disabled="refreshing"
+        @click="reload"
+      >
+        重试
+      </button>
+    </div>
+
+    <div v-else-if="balanceData" class="space-y-1">
+      <div v-if="balanceData.status === 'error' && balanceData.error" class="text-xs text-red-500">
+        {{ balanceData.error }}
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
+        <div class="flex items-center gap-2">
+          <i
+            class="fas"
+            :class="
+              balanceData.balance
+                ? 'fa-wallet text-green-600 dark:text-green-400'
+                : 'fa-chart-line text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400'
+            "
+          ></i>
+          <span class="text-sm font-semibold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">
+            {{ primaryText }}
+          </span>
+          <span class="rounded px-1.5 py-0.5 text-xs" :class="sourceClass">
+            {{ sourceLabel }}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+
+        <button
+          v-if="!hideRefresh"
+          class="text-xs text-gray-500 hover:text-blue-600 dark:text-gray-400 dark:hover:text-blue-400"
+          :disabled="refreshing"
+          :title="refreshing ? '刷新中...' : '刷新余额'"
+          @click="refresh"
+        >
+          <i class="fas fa-sync-alt" :class="{ 'fa-spin': refreshing }"></i>
+        </button>
+      </div>
+
+      <!-- 配额（如适用） -->
+      <div v-if="quotaInfo" class="space-y-1">
+        <div class="flex items-center justify-between text-xs text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-400">
+          <span>已用: {{ formatNumber(quotaInfo.used) }}</span>
+          <span>剩余: {{ formatNumber(quotaInfo.remaining) }}</span>
+        </div>
+        <div class="h-1.5 w-full rounded-full bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700">
+          <div
+            class="h-1.5 rounded-full transition-all"
+            :class="quotaBarClass"
+            :style="{ width: `${Math.min(100, quotaInfo.percentage)}%` }"
+          ></div>
+        </div>
+        <div class="flex items-center justify-between text-xs">
+          <span class="text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+            {{ quotaInfo.percentage.toFixed(1) }}% 已使用
+          </span>
+          <span v-if="quotaInfo.resetAt" class="text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-500">
+            重置: {{ formatResetTime(quotaInfo.resetAt) }}
+          </span>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div v-else-if="balanceData.quota?.unlimited" class="flex items-center gap-2">
+        <i class="fas fa-infinity text-blue-500 dark:text-blue-400"></i>
+        <span class="text-xs text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-400">无限制</span>
+      </div>
+
+      <div
+        v-if="balanceData.cacheExpiresAt && balanceData.source === 'cache'"
+        class="text-xs text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-500"
+      >
+        缓存至: {{ formatCacheExpiry(balanceData.cacheExpiresAt) }}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div v-else class="text-xs text-gray-400 dark:text-gray-500">暂无余额数据</div>
+  </div>
+</template>
+
+<script setup>
+import { ref, computed, onMounted, watch } from 'vue'
+import { apiClient } from '@/config/api'
+
+const props = defineProps({
+  accountId: { type: String, required: true },
+  platform: { type: String, required: true },
+  initialBalance: { type: Object, default: null },
+  hideRefresh: { type: Boolean, default: false },
+  autoLoad: { type: Boolean, default: true }
+})
+
+const emit = defineEmits(['refreshed', 'error'])
+
+const balanceData = ref(props.initialBalance)
+const loading = ref(false)
+const refreshing = ref(false)
+const requestError = ref(null)
+
+const sourceClass = computed(() => {
+  const source = balanceData.value?.source
+  return {
+    'bg-blue-100 text-blue-700 dark:bg-blue-900/40 dark:text-blue-300': source === 'api',
+    'bg-gray-100 text-gray-600 dark:bg-gray-700/60 dark:text-gray-300': source === 'cache',
+    'bg-yellow-100 text-yellow-700 dark:bg-yellow-900/40 dark:text-yellow-300': source === 'local'
+  }
+})
+
+const sourceLabel = computed(() => {
+  const source = balanceData.value?.source
+  return { api: 'API', cache: '缓存', local: '本地' }[source] || '未知'
+})
+
+const quotaInfo = computed(() => {
+  const quota = balanceData.value?.quota
+  if (!quota || quota.unlimited) return null
+  if (typeof quota.percentage !== 'number' || !Number.isFinite(quota.percentage)) return null
+  return {
+    used: quota.used ?? 0,
+    remaining: quota.remaining ?? 0,
+    percentage: quota.percentage,
+    resetAt: quota.resetAt || null
+  }
+})
+
+const quotaBarClass = computed(() => {
+  const percentage = quotaInfo.value?.percentage || 0
+  if (percentage >= 90) return 'bg-red-500 dark:bg-red-600'
+  if (percentage >= 70) return 'bg-yellow-500 dark:bg-yellow-600'
+  return 'bg-green-500 dark:bg-green-600'
+})
+
+const primaryText = computed(() => {
+  if (balanceData.value?.balance?.formattedAmount) {
+    return balanceData.value.balance.formattedAmount
+  }
+  const dailyCost = Number(balanceData.value?.statistics?.dailyCost || 0)
+  return `今日成本 ${formatCurrency(dailyCost)}`
+})
+
+const load = async () => {
+  if (!props.autoLoad) return
+  if (!props.accountId || !props.platform) return
+
+  loading.value = true
+  requestError.value = null
+
+  try {
+    const response = await apiClient.get(`/admin/accounts/${props.accountId}/balance`, {
+      params: { platform: props.platform, queryApi: false }
+    })
+    if (response?.success) {
+      balanceData.value = response.data
+    } else {
+      requestError.value = response?.error || '加载失败'
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    requestError.value = error.message || '网络错误'
+    emit('error', error)
+  } finally {
+    loading.value = false
+  }
+}
+
+const refresh = async () => {
+  if (!props.accountId || !props.platform) return
+  if (refreshing.value) return
+
+  refreshing.value = true
+  requestError.value = null
+
+  try {
+    const response = await apiClient.post(`/admin/accounts/${props.accountId}/balance/refresh`, {
+      platform: props.platform
+    })
+    if (response?.success) {
+      balanceData.value = response.data
+      emit('refreshed', response.data)
+    } else {
+      requestError.value = response?.error || '刷新失败'
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    requestError.value = error.message || '网络错误'
+    emit('error', error)
+  } finally {
+    refreshing.value = false
+  }
+}
+
+const reload = async () => {
+  await load()
+}
+
+const formatNumber = (num) => {
+  if (num === Infinity) return '∞'
+  const value = Number(num)
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return 'N/A'
+  return value.toLocaleString('zh-CN', { maximumFractionDigits: 2 })
+}
+
+const formatCurrency = (amount) => {
+  const value = Number(amount)
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return '$0.00'
+  if (value >= 1) return `$${value.toFixed(2)}`
+  if (value >= 0.01) return `$${value.toFixed(3)}`
+  return `$${value.toFixed(6)}`
+}
+
+const formatResetTime = (isoString) => {
+  const date = new Date(isoString)
+  const now = new Date()
+  const diff = date.getTime() - now.getTime()
+  if (!Number.isFinite(diff)) return '未知'
+  if (diff < 0) return '已过期'
+
+  const minutes = Math.floor(diff / (1000 * 60))
+  const hours = Math.floor(minutes / 60)
+  const remainMinutes = minutes % 60
+  if (hours >= 24) {
+    const days = Math.floor(hours / 24)
+    return `${days}天后`
+  }
+  return `${hours}小时${remainMinutes}分钟`
+}
+
+const formatCacheExpiry = (isoString) => {
+  const date = new Date(isoString)
+  if (Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) return '未知'
+  return date.toLocaleTimeString('zh-CN', { hour: '2-digit', minute: '2-digit' })
+}
+
+watch(
+  () => props.initialBalance,
+  (newVal) => {
+    if (newVal) {
+      balanceData.value = newVal
+    }
+  }
+)
+
+onMounted(() => {
+  if (!props.initialBalance) {
+    load()
+  }
+})
+
+defineExpose({ refresh, reload })
+</script>
diff --git a/web/admin-spa/src/views/AccountsView.vue b/web/admin-spa/src/views/AccountsView.vue
index 65e0bcfe..1d1179e2 100644
--- a/web/admin-spa/src/views/AccountsView.vue
+++ b/web/admin-spa/src/views/AccountsView.vue
@@ -141,6 +141,32 @@
               </el-tooltip>
             </div>
 
+            <!-- 刷新余额按钮 -->
+            <div class="relative">
+              <el-tooltip
+                content="刷新当前页余额（触发查询，失败自动降级）"
+                effect="dark"
+                placement="bottom"
+              >
+                <button
+                  class="group relative flex items-center justify-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-gray-200 bg-white px-4 py-2 text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 shadow-sm transition-all duration-200 hover:border-gray-300 hover:shadow-md disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50 dark:border-gray-600 dark:bg-gray-800 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:border-gray-500 sm:w-auto"
+                  :disabled="accountsLoading || refreshingBalances"
+                  @click="refreshVisibleBalances"
+                >
+                  <div
+                    class="absolute -inset-0.5 rounded-lg bg-gradient-to-r from-blue-500 to-indigo-500 opacity-0 blur transition duration-300 group-hover:opacity-20"
+                  ></div>
+                  <i
+                    :class="[
+                      'fas relative text-blue-500',
+                      refreshingBalances ? 'fa-spinner fa-spin' : 'fa-wallet'
+                    ]"
+                  />
+                  <span class="relative">刷新余额</span>
+                </button>
+              </el-tooltip>
+            </div>
+
             <!-- 选择/取消选择按钮 -->
             <button
               class="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-gray-200 bg-white px-4 py-2 text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 shadow-sm transition-all duration-200 hover:border-gray-300 hover:bg-gray-50 hover:shadow-md dark:border-gray-600 dark:bg-gray-800 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:bg-gray-700"
@@ -263,6 +289,11 @@
                 >
                   今日使用
                 </th>
+                <th
+                  class="min-w-[220px] px-3 py-4 text-left text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-wider text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300"
+                >
+                  余额/配额
+                </th>
                 <th
                   class="min-w-[210px] px-3 py-4 text-left text-xs font-bold uppercase tracking-wider text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300"
                 >
@@ -765,6 +796,15 @@
                   </div>
                   <div v-else class="text-xs text-gray-400">暂无数据</div>
                 </td>
+                <td class="whitespace-nowrap px-3 py-4">
+                  <BalanceDisplay
+                    :account-id="account.id"
+                    :initial-balance="account.balanceInfo"
+                    :platform="account.platform"
+                    @error="(error) => handleBalanceError(account.id, error)"
+                    @refreshed="(data) => handleBalanceRefreshed(account.id, data)"
+                  />
+                </td>
                 <td class="whitespace-nowrap px-3 py-4">
                   <div v-if="account.platform === 'claude'" class="space-y-2">
                     <!-- OAuth 账户：显示三窗口 OAuth usage -->
@@ -1425,6 +1465,18 @@
             </div>
           </div>
 
+          <!-- 余额/配额 -->
+          <div class="mb-3">
+            <p class="mb-1 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">余额/配额</p>
+            <BalanceDisplay
+              :account-id="account.id"
+              :initial-balance="account.balanceInfo"
+              :platform="account.platform"
+              @error="(error) => handleBalanceError(account.id, error)"
+              @refreshed="(data) => handleBalanceRefreshed(account.id, data)"
+            />
+          </div>
+
           <!-- 状态信息 -->
           <div class="mb-3 space-y-2">
             <!-- 会话窗口 -->
@@ -2062,6 +2114,7 @@ import AccountScheduledTestModal from '@/components/accounts/AccountScheduledTes
 import ConfirmModal from '@/components/common/ConfirmModal.vue'
 import CustomDropdown from '@/components/common/CustomDropdown.vue'
 import ActionDropdown from '@/components/common/ActionDropdown.vue'
+import BalanceDisplay from '@/components/accounts/BalanceDisplay.vue'
 
 // 使用确认弹窗
 const { showConfirmModal, confirmOptions, showConfirm, handleConfirm, handleCancel } = useConfirm()
@@ -2069,6 +2122,7 @@ const { showConfirmModal, confirmOptions, showConfirm, handleConfirm, handleCanc
 // 数据状态
 const accounts = ref([])
 const accountsLoading = ref(false)
+const refreshingBalances = ref(false)
 const accountsSortBy = ref('name')
 const accountsSortOrder = ref('asc')
 const apiKeys = ref([]) // 保留用于其他功能（如删除账户时显示绑定信息）
@@ -2768,6 +2822,72 @@ const paginatedAccounts = computed(() => {
   return sortedAccounts.value.slice(start, end)
 })
 
+// 余额刷新成功回调
+const handleBalanceRefreshed = (accountId, balanceInfo) => {
+  accounts.value = accounts.value.map((account) => {
+    if (account.id !== accountId) return account
+    return { ...account, balanceInfo }
+  })
+}
+
+// 余额请求错误回调（仅提示，不中断页面）
+const handleBalanceError = (_accountId, error) => {
+  const message = error?.message || '余额查询失败'
+  showToast(message, 'error')
+}
+
+// 批量刷新当前页余额（触发查询）
+const refreshVisibleBalances = async () => {
+  if (refreshingBalances.value) return
+
+  const targets = paginatedAccounts.value
+  if (!targets || targets.length === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  refreshingBalances.value = true
+  try {
+    const results = await Promise.all(
+      targets.map(async (account) => {
+        try {
+          const response = await apiClient.post(`/admin/accounts/${account.id}/balance/refresh`, {
+            platform: account.platform
+          })
+          return { id: account.id, success: !!response?.success, data: response?.data || null }
+        } catch (error) {
+          return { id: account.id, success: false, error: error?.message || '刷新失败' }
+        }
+      })
+    )
+
+    const updatedMap = results.reduce((map, item) => {
+      if (item.success && item.data) {
+        map[item.id] = item.data
+      }
+      return map
+    }, {})
+
+    const successCount = results.filter((r) => r.success).length
+    const failCount = results.length - successCount
+
+    if (Object.keys(updatedMap).length > 0) {
+      accounts.value = accounts.value.map((account) => {
+        const balanceInfo = updatedMap[account.id]
+        if (!balanceInfo) return account
+        return { ...account, balanceInfo }
+      })
+    }
+
+    if (failCount === 0) {
+      showToast(`成功刷新 ${successCount} 个账户余额`, 'success')
+    } else {
+      showToast(`刷新完成：${successCount} 成功，${failCount} 失败`, 'warning')
+    }
+  } finally {
+    refreshingBalances.value = false
+  }
+}
+
 const updateSelectAllState = () => {
   const currentIds = paginatedAccounts.value.map((account) => account.id)
   const selectedInCurrentPage = currentIds.filter((id) =>
@@ -2818,6 +2938,54 @@ const cleanupSelectedAccounts = () => {
   updateSelectAllState()
 }
 
+// 异步加载余额缓存（按平台批量拉取，避免逐行请求）
+const loadBalanceCacheForAccounts = async () => {
+  const current = accounts.value
+  if (!Array.isArray(current) || current.length === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const platforms = Array.from(new Set(current.map((acc) => acc.platform).filter(Boolean)))
+  if (platforms.length === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  const responses = await Promise.all(
+    platforms.map(async (platform) => {
+      try {
+        const res = await apiClient.get(`/admin/accounts/balance/platform/${platform}`, {
+          params: { queryApi: false }
+        })
+        return { platform, success: !!res?.success, data: res?.data || [] }
+      } catch (error) {
+        console.debug(`Failed to load balance cache for ${platform}:`, error)
+        return { platform, success: false, data: [] }
+      }
+    })
+  )
+
+  const balanceMap = responses.reduce((map, item) => {
+    if (!item.success) return map
+    const list = Array.isArray(item.data) ? item.data : []
+    list.forEach((entry) => {
+      const accountId = entry?.data?.accountId
+      if (accountId) {
+        map[accountId] = entry.data
+      }
+    })
+    return map
+  }, {})
+
+  if (Object.keys(balanceMap).length === 0) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  accounts.value = accounts.value.map((account) => ({
+    ...account,
+    balanceInfo: balanceMap[account.id] || account.balanceInfo || null
+  }))
+}
+
 // 加载账户列表
 const loadAccounts = async (forceReload = false) => {
   accountsLoading.value = true
@@ -3010,6 +3178,11 @@ const loadAccounts = async (forceReload = false) => {
         console.debug('Claude usage loading failed:', err)
       })
     }
+
+    // 异步加载余额缓存（按平台批量）
+    loadBalanceCacheForAccounts().catch((err) => {
+      console.debug('Balance cache loading failed:', err)
+    })
   } catch (error) {
     showToast('加载账户失败', 'error')
   } finally {
diff --git a/web/admin-spa/src/views/DashboardView.vue b/web/admin-spa/src/views/DashboardView.vue
index 84d60d27..0e04eee3 100644
--- a/web/admin-spa/src/views/DashboardView.vue
+++ b/web/admin-spa/src/views/DashboardView.vue
@@ -196,6 +196,105 @@
       </div>
     </div>
 
+    <!-- 账户余额/配额汇总 -->
+    <div class="mb-4 grid grid-cols-1 gap-3 sm:mb-6 sm:grid-cols-2 sm:gap-4 md:mb-8 md:gap-6">
+      <div class="stat-card">
+        <div class="flex items-center justify-between">
+          <div>
+            <p class="mb-1 text-xs font-semibold text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-400 sm:text-sm">
+              账户余额/配额
+            </p>
+            <p class="text-2xl font-bold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100 sm:text-3xl">
+              {{ formatCurrencyUsd(balanceSummary.totalBalance || 0) }}
+            </p>
+            <p class="mt-1 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+              低余额: {{ balanceSummary.lowBalanceCount || 0 }} | 总成本:
+              {{ formatCurrencyUsd(balanceSummary.totalCost || 0) }}
+            </p>
+          </div>
+          <div class="stat-icon flex-shrink-0 bg-gradient-to-br from-emerald-500 to-green-600">
+            <i class="fas fa-wallet" />
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="mt-3 flex items-center justify-between gap-3">
+          <p class="text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+            更新时间: {{ formatLastUpdate(balanceSummaryUpdatedAt) }}
+          </p>
+          <button
+            class="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-lg border border-gray-200 bg-white px-3 py-1.5 text-xs font-medium text-gray-700 shadow-sm transition-all duration-200 hover:border-gray-300 hover:shadow-md disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50 dark:border-gray-600 dark:bg-gray-800 dark:text-gray-300 dark:hover:border-gray-500"
+            :disabled="loadingBalanceSummary"
+            @click="loadBalanceSummary"
+          >
+            <i :class="['fas', loadingBalanceSummary ? 'fa-spinner fa-spin' : 'fa-sync-alt']" />
+            刷新
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="card p-4 sm:p-6">
+        <div class="mb-3 flex items-center justify-between">
+          <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">低余额账户</h3>
+          <span class="text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+            {{ lowBalanceAccounts.length }} 个
+          </span>
+        </div>
+
+        <div
+          v-if="loadingBalanceSummary"
+          class="py-6 text-center text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400"
+        >
+          正在加载...
+        </div>
+        <div
+          v-else-if="lowBalanceAccounts.length === 0"
+          class="py-6 text-center text-sm text-green-600 dark:text-green-400"
+        >
+          全部正常
+        </div>
+        <div v-else class="max-h-64 space-y-2 overflow-y-auto">
+          <div
+            v-for="account in lowBalanceAccounts"
+            :key="account.accountId"
+            class="rounded-lg border border-red-200 bg-red-50 p-3 dark:border-red-900/60 dark:bg-red-900/20"
+          >
+            <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-2">
+              <div class="truncate text-sm font-medium text-gray-900 dark:text-gray-100">
+                {{ account.name || account.accountId }}
+              </div>
+              <span
+                class="rounded bg-gray-100 px-2 py-0.5 text-xs text-gray-600 dark:bg-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300"
+              >
+                {{ getBalancePlatformLabel(account.platform) }}
+              </span>
+            </div>
+            <div class="mt-1 text-xs text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-400">
+              <span v-if="account.balance">余额: {{ account.balance.formattedAmount }}</span>
+              <span v-else
+                >今日成本: {{ formatCurrencyUsd(account.statistics?.dailyCost || 0) }}</span
+              >
+            </div>
+            <div v-if="account.quota && typeof account.quota.percentage === 'number'" class="mt-2">
+              <div
+                class="mb-1 flex items-center justify-between text-xs text-gray-600 dark:text-gray-400"
+              >
+                <span>配额使用</span>
+                <span class="text-red-600 dark:text-red-400">
+                  {{ account.quota.percentage.toFixed(1) }}%
+                </span>
+              </div>
+              <div class="h-2 w-full rounded-full bg-gray-200 dark:bg-gray-700">
+                <div
+                  class="h-2 rounded-full bg-red-500"
+                  :style="{ width: `${Math.min(100, account.quota.percentage)}%` }"
+                ></div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+
     <!-- Token统计和性能指标 -->
     <div
       class="mb-4 grid grid-cols-1 gap-3 sm:mb-6 sm:grid-cols-2 sm:gap-4 md:mb-8 md:gap-6 lg:grid-cols-4"
@@ -681,6 +780,8 @@ import { ref, onMounted, onUnmounted, watch, nextTick, computed } from 'vue'
 import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia'
 import { useDashboardStore } from '@/stores/dashboard'
 import { useThemeStore } from '@/stores/theme'
+import { apiClient } from '@/config/api'
+import { showToast } from '@/utils/toast'
 import Chart from 'chart.js/auto'
 
 const dashboardStore = useDashboardStore()
@@ -732,6 +833,97 @@ const accountGroupOptions = [
 
 const accountTrendUpdating = ref(false)
 
+// 余额/配额汇总
+const balanceSummary = ref({
+  totalBalance: 0,
+  totalCost: 0,
+  lowBalanceCount: 0,
+  platforms: {}
+})
+const loadingBalanceSummary = ref(false)
+const balanceSummaryUpdatedAt = ref(null)
+
+const getBalancePlatformLabel = (platform) => {
+  const map = {
+    claude: 'Claude',
+    'claude-console': 'Claude Console',
+    gemini: 'Gemini',
+    'gemini-api': 'Gemini API',
+    openai: 'OpenAI',
+    'openai-responses': 'OpenAI Responses',
+    azure_openai: 'Azure OpenAI',
+    bedrock: 'Bedrock',
+    droid: 'Droid',
+    ccr: 'CCR'
+  }
+  return map[platform] || platform
+}
+
+const lowBalanceAccounts = computed(() => {
+  const result = []
+  const platforms = balanceSummary.value?.platforms || {}
+
+  Object.entries(platforms).forEach(([platform, data]) => {
+    const list = Array.isArray(data?.accounts) ? data.accounts : []
+    list.forEach((entry) => {
+      const accountData = entry?.data
+      if (!accountData) return
+
+      const amount = accountData.balance?.amount
+      const percentage = accountData.quota?.percentage
+
+      const isLowBalance = typeof amount === 'number' && amount < 10
+      const isHighUsage = typeof percentage === 'number' && percentage > 90
+
+      if (isLowBalance || isHighUsage) {
+        result.push({
+          ...accountData,
+          name: entry?.name || accountData.accountId,
+          platform: accountData.platform || platform
+        })
+      }
+    })
+  })
+
+  return result
+})
+
+const formatCurrencyUsd = (amount) => {
+  const value = Number(amount)
+  if (!Number.isFinite(value)) return '$0.00'
+  if (value >= 1) return `$${value.toFixed(2)}`
+  if (value >= 0.01) return `$${value.toFixed(3)}`
+  return `$${value.toFixed(6)}`
+}
+
+const formatLastUpdate = (isoString) => {
+  if (!isoString) return '未知'
+  const date = new Date(isoString)
+  if (Number.isNaN(date.getTime())) return '未知'
+  return date.toLocaleTimeString('zh-CN', { hour: '2-digit', minute: '2-digit' })
+}
+
+const loadBalanceSummary = async () => {
+  loadingBalanceSummary.value = true
+  try {
+    const response = await apiClient.get('/admin/accounts/balance/summary')
+    if (response?.success) {
+      balanceSummary.value = response.data || {
+        totalBalance: 0,
+        totalCost: 0,
+        lowBalanceCount: 0,
+        platforms: {}
+      }
+      balanceSummaryUpdatedAt.value = new Date().toISOString()
+    }
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.debug('加载余额汇总失败:', error)
+    showToast('加载余额汇总失败', 'error')
+  } finally {
+    loadingBalanceSummary.value = false
+  }
+}
+
 // 自动刷新相关
 const autoRefreshEnabled = ref(false)
 const autoRefreshInterval = ref(30) // 秒
@@ -1488,7 +1680,7 @@ async function refreshAllData() {
 
   isRefreshing.value = true
   try {
-    await Promise.all([loadDashboardData(), refreshChartsData()])
+    await Promise.all([loadDashboardData(), refreshChartsData(), loadBalanceSummary()])
   } finally {
     isRefreshing.value = false
   }