fix: prevent heartbeat scheduler silent death from wake handler race (#15108)

Merged via /review-pr -> /prepare-pr -> /merge-pr.

Prepared head SHA: fd7165b935
Co-authored-by: joeykrug <5925937+joeykrug@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: gumadeiras <5599352+gumadeiras@users.noreply.github.com>
Reviewed-by: @gumadeiras

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 
 - Onboarding/CLI: restore terminal state without resuming paused `stdin`, so onboarding exits cleanly after choosing Web UI and the installer returns instead of appearing stuck.
 - macOS Voice Wake: fix a crash in trigger trimming for CJK/Unicode transcripts by matching and slicing on original-string ranges instead of transformed-string indices. (#11052) Thanks @Flash-LHR.
+- Heartbeat: prevent scheduler silent-death races during runner reloads, preserve retry cooldown backoff under wake bursts, and prioritize user/action wake causes over interval/retry reasons when coalescing. (#15108) Thanks @joeykrug.
 
 ## 2026.2.12
 

src/infra/heartbeat-runner.scheduler.test.ts

@@ -87,6 +87,57 @@ describe("startHeartbeatRunner", () => {
     runner.stop();
   });
 
+  it("cleanup is idempotent and does not clear a newer runner's handler", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date(0));
+
+    const runSpy1 = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "ran", durationMs: 1 });
+    const runSpy2 = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "ran", durationMs: 1 });
+
+    const cfg = {
+      agents: { defaults: { heartbeat: { every: "30m" } } },
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
+
+    // Start runner A
+    const runnerA = startHeartbeatRunner({ cfg, runOnce: runSpy1 });
+
+    // Start runner B (simulates lifecycle reload)
+    const runnerB = startHeartbeatRunner({ cfg, runOnce: runSpy2 });
+
+    // Stop runner A (stale cleanup) — should NOT kill runner B's handler
+    runnerA.stop();
+
+    // Runner B should still fire
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30 * 60_000 + 1_000);
+    expect(runSpy2).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(runSpy1).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+    // Double-stop should be safe (idempotent)
+    runnerA.stop();
+
+    runnerB.stop();
+  });
+
+  it("run() returns skipped when runner is stopped", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date(0));
+
+    const runSpy = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "ran", durationMs: 1 });
+
+    const runner = startHeartbeatRunner({
+      cfg: {
+        agents: { defaults: { heartbeat: { every: "30m" } } },
+      } as OpenClawConfig,
+      runOnce: runSpy,
+    });
+
+    runner.stop();
+
+    // After stopping, no heartbeats should fire
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(60 * 60_000);
+    expect(runSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+
   it("reschedules timer when runOnce returns requests-in-flight", async () => {
     vi.useFakeTimers();
     vi.setSystemTime(new Date(0));

src/infra/heartbeat-runner.ts

@@ -880,6 +880,7 @@ export function startHeartbeatRunner(opts: {
     }
     const delay = Math.max(0, nextDue - now);
     state.timer = setTimeout(() => {
+      state.timer = null;
       requestHeartbeatNow({ reason: "interval", coalesceMs: 0 });
     }, delay);
     state.timer.unref?.();
@@ -933,6 +934,12 @@ export function startHeartbeatRunner(opts: {
   };
 
   const run: HeartbeatWakeHandler = async (params) => {
+    if (state.stopped) {
+      return {
+        status: "skipped",
+        reason: "disabled",
+      } satisfies HeartbeatRunResult;
+    }
     if (!heartbeatsEnabled) {
       return {
         status: "skipped",
@@ -994,12 +1001,16 @@ export function startHeartbeatRunner(opts: {
     return { status: "skipped", reason: isInterval ? "not-due" : "disabled" };
   };
 
-  setHeartbeatWakeHandler(async (params) => run({ reason: params.reason }));
+  const wakeHandler: HeartbeatWakeHandler = async (params) => run({ reason: params.reason });
+  const disposeWakeHandler = setHeartbeatWakeHandler(wakeHandler);
   updateConfig(state.cfg);
 
   const cleanup = () => {
+    if (state.stopped) {
+      return;
+    }
     state.stopped = true;
-    setHeartbeatWakeHandler(null);
+    disposeWakeHandler();
     if (state.timer) {
       clearTimeout(state.timer);
     }

src/infra/heartbeat-wake.test.ts

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ describe("heartbeat-wake", () => {
 
     await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1);
     expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
-    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ reason: "retry" });
+    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ reason: "exec-event" });
     expect(wake.hasPendingHeartbeatWake()).toBe(false);
   });
 
@@ -54,6 +54,29 @@ describe("heartbeat-wake", () => {
     expect(handler.mock.calls[1]?.[0]).toEqual({ reason: "interval" });
   });
 
+  it("keeps retry cooldown even when a sooner request arrives", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    const wake = await loadWakeModule();
+    const handler = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ status: "skipped", reason: "requests-in-flight" })
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce({ status: "ran", durationMs: 1 });
+    wake.setHeartbeatWakeHandler(handler);
+
+    wake.requestHeartbeatNow({ reason: "interval", coalesceMs: 0 });
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1);
+    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+
+    // Retry is now waiting for 1000ms. This should not preempt cooldown.
+    wake.requestHeartbeatNow({ reason: "hook:wake", coalesceMs: 0 });
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(998);
+    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1);
+    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2);
+    expect(handler.mock.calls[1]?.[0]).toEqual({ reason: "hook:wake" });
+  });
+
   it("retries thrown handler errors after the default retry delay", async () => {
     vi.useFakeTimers();
     const wake = await loadWakeModule();
@@ -76,6 +99,81 @@ describe("heartbeat-wake", () => {
     expect(handler.mock.calls[1]?.[0]).toEqual({ reason: "exec-event" });
   });
 
+  it("stale disposer does not clear a newer handler", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    const wake = await loadWakeModule();
+    const handlerA = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "ran", durationMs: 1 });
+    const handlerB = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "ran", durationMs: 1 });
+
+    // Runner A registers its handler
+    const disposeA = wake.setHeartbeatWakeHandler(handlerA);
+
+    // Runner B registers its handler (replaces A)
+    const disposeB = wake.setHeartbeatWakeHandler(handlerB);
+
+    // Runner A's stale cleanup runs — should NOT clear handlerB
+    disposeA();
+    expect(wake.hasHeartbeatWakeHandler()).toBe(true);
+
+    // handlerB should still work
+    wake.requestHeartbeatNow({ reason: "interval", coalesceMs: 0 });
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(1);
+    expect(handlerB).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(handlerA).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+
+    // Runner B's dispose should work
+    disposeB();
+    expect(wake.hasHeartbeatWakeHandler()).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it("preempts existing timer when a sooner schedule is requested", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    const wake = await loadWakeModule();
+    const handler = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "ran", durationMs: 1 });
+    wake.setHeartbeatWakeHandler(handler);
+
+    // Schedule for 5 seconds from now
+    wake.requestHeartbeatNow({ reason: "slow", coalesceMs: 5000 });
+
+    // Schedule for 100ms from now — should preempt the 5s timer
+    wake.requestHeartbeatNow({ reason: "fast", coalesceMs: 100 });
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(100);
+    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    // The reason should be "fast" since it was set last
+    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ reason: "fast" });
+  });
+
+  it("keeps existing timer when later schedule is requested", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    const wake = await loadWakeModule();
+    const handler = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "ran", durationMs: 1 });
+    wake.setHeartbeatWakeHandler(handler);
+
+    // Schedule for 100ms from now
+    wake.requestHeartbeatNow({ reason: "fast", coalesceMs: 100 });
+
+    // Schedule for 5 seconds from now — should NOT preempt
+    wake.requestHeartbeatNow({ reason: "slow", coalesceMs: 5000 });
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(100);
+    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+  });
+
+  it("does not downgrade a higher-priority pending reason", async () => {
+    vi.useFakeTimers();
+    const wake = await loadWakeModule();
+    const handler = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ status: "ran", durationMs: 1 });
+    wake.setHeartbeatWakeHandler(handler);
+
+    wake.requestHeartbeatNow({ reason: "exec-event", coalesceMs: 100 });
+    wake.requestHeartbeatNow({ reason: "retry", coalesceMs: 100 });
+
+    await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(100);
+    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1);
+    expect(handler).toHaveBeenCalledWith({ reason: "exec-event" });
+  });
+
   it("drains pending wake once a handler is registered", async () => {
     vi.useFakeTimers();
     const wake = await loadWakeModule();

src/infra/heartbeat-wake.ts

@@ -5,21 +5,102 @@ export type HeartbeatRunResult =
 
 export type HeartbeatWakeHandler = (opts: { reason?: string }) => Promise<HeartbeatRunResult>;
 
+type WakeTimerKind = "normal" | "retry";
+type PendingWakeReason = {
+  reason: string;
+  priority: number;
+  requestedAt: number;
+};
+
 let handler: HeartbeatWakeHandler | null = null;
-let pendingReason: string | null = null;
+let handlerGeneration = 0;
+let pendingWake: PendingWakeReason | null = null;
 let scheduled = false;
 let running = false;
 let timer: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null;
+let timerDueAt: number | null = null;
+let timerKind: WakeTimerKind | null = null;
 
 const DEFAULT_COALESCE_MS = 250;
 const DEFAULT_RETRY_MS = 1_000;
+const HOOK_REASON_PREFIX = "hook:";
+const REASON_PRIORITY = {
+  RETRY: 0,
+  INTERVAL: 1,
+  DEFAULT: 2,
+  ACTION: 3,
+} as const;
 
-function schedule(coalesceMs: number) {
+function isActionWakeReason(reason: string): boolean {
-  if (timer) {
+  return reason === "manual" || reason === "exec-event" || reason.startsWith(HOOK_REASON_PREFIX);
+}
+
+function resolveReasonPriority(reason: string): number {
+  if (reason === "retry") {
+    return REASON_PRIORITY.RETRY;
+  }
+  if (reason === "interval") {
+    return REASON_PRIORITY.INTERVAL;
+  }
+  if (isActionWakeReason(reason)) {
+    return REASON_PRIORITY.ACTION;
+  }
+  return REASON_PRIORITY.DEFAULT;
+}
+
+function normalizeWakeReason(reason?: string): string {
+  if (typeof reason !== "string") {
+    return "requested";
+  }
+  const trimmed = reason.trim();
+  return trimmed.length > 0 ? trimmed : "requested";
+}
+
+function queuePendingWakeReason(reason?: string, requestedAt = Date.now()) {
+  const normalizedReason = normalizeWakeReason(reason);
+  const next: PendingWakeReason = {
+    reason: normalizedReason,
+    priority: resolveReasonPriority(normalizedReason),
+    requestedAt,
+  };
+  if (!pendingWake) {
+    pendingWake = next;
     return;
   }
+  if (next.priority > pendingWake.priority) {
+    pendingWake = next;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (next.priority === pendingWake.priority && next.requestedAt >= pendingWake.requestedAt) {
+    pendingWake = next;
+  }
+}
+
+function schedule(coalesceMs: number, kind: WakeTimerKind = "normal") {
+  const delay = Number.isFinite(coalesceMs) ? Math.max(0, coalesceMs) : DEFAULT_COALESCE_MS;
+  const dueAt = Date.now() + delay;
+  if (timer) {
+    // Keep retry cooldown as a hard minimum delay. This prevents the
+    // finally-path reschedule (often delay=0) from collapsing backoff.
+    if (timerKind === "retry") {
+      return;
+    }
+    // If existing timer fires sooner or at the same time, keep it.
+    if (typeof timerDueAt === "number" && timerDueAt <= dueAt) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // New request needs to fire sooner — preempt the existing timer.
+    clearTimeout(timer);
+    timer = null;
+    timerDueAt = null;
+    timerKind = null;
+  }
+  timerDueAt = dueAt;
+  timerKind = kind;
   timer = setTimeout(async () => {
     timer = null;
+    timerDueAt = null;
+    timerKind = null;
     scheduled = false;
     const active = handler;
     if (!active) {
@@ -27,44 +108,62 @@ function schedule(coalesceMs: number) {
     }
     if (running) {
       scheduled = true;
-      schedule(coalesceMs);
+      schedule(delay, kind);
       return;
     }
 
-    const reason = pendingReason;
+    const reason = pendingWake?.reason;
-    pendingReason = null;
+    pendingWake = null;
     running = true;
     try {
       const res = await active({ reason: reason ?? undefined });
       if (res.status === "skipped" && res.reason === "requests-in-flight") {
         // The main lane is busy; retry soon.
-        pendingReason = reason ?? "retry";
+        queuePendingWakeReason(reason ?? "retry");
-        schedule(DEFAULT_RETRY_MS);
+        schedule(DEFAULT_RETRY_MS, "retry");
       }
     } catch {
       // Error is already logged by the heartbeat runner; schedule a retry.
-      pendingReason = reason ?? "retry";
+      queuePendingWakeReason(reason ?? "retry");
-      schedule(DEFAULT_RETRY_MS);
+      schedule(DEFAULT_RETRY_MS, "retry");
     } finally {
       running = false;
-      if (pendingReason || scheduled) {
+      if (pendingWake || scheduled) {
-        schedule(coalesceMs);
+        schedule(delay, "normal");
       }
     }
-  }, coalesceMs);
+  }, delay);
   timer.unref?.();
 }
 
-export function setHeartbeatWakeHandler(next: HeartbeatWakeHandler | null) {
+/**
+ * Register (or clear) the heartbeat wake handler.
+ * Returns a disposer function that clears this specific registration.
+ * Stale disposers (from previous registrations) are no-ops, preventing
+ * a race where an old runner's cleanup clears a newer runner's handler.
+ */
+export function setHeartbeatWakeHandler(next: HeartbeatWakeHandler | null): () => void {
+  handlerGeneration += 1;
+  const generation = handlerGeneration;
   handler = next;
-  if (handler && pendingReason) {
+  if (handler && pendingWake) {
-    schedule(DEFAULT_COALESCE_MS);
+    schedule(DEFAULT_COALESCE_MS, "normal");
   }
+  return () => {
+    if (handlerGeneration !== generation) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (handler !== next) {
+      return;
+    }
+    handlerGeneration += 1;
+    handler = null;
+  };
 }
 
 export function requestHeartbeatNow(opts?: { reason?: string; coalesceMs?: number }) {
-  pendingReason = opts?.reason ?? pendingReason ?? "requested";
+  queuePendingWakeReason(opts?.reason);
-  schedule(opts?.coalesceMs ?? DEFAULT_COALESCE_MS);
+  schedule(opts?.coalesceMs ?? DEFAULT_COALESCE_MS, "normal");
 }
 
 export function hasHeartbeatWakeHandler() {
@@ -72,5 +171,5 @@ export function hasHeartbeatWakeHandler() {
 }
 
 export function hasPendingHeartbeatWake() {
-  return pendingReason !== null || Boolean(timer) || scheduled;
+  return pendingWake !== null || Boolean(timer) || scheduled;
 }