diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1d341f29f63..cfd0c551483 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -113,6 +113,27 @@ Docs: https://docs.openclaw.ai
 - Security/Exec companion host: forward canonical `system.run` display text (not payload-only shell snippets) to the macOS exec host, and enforce rawCommand/argv consistency there for shell-wrapper positional-argv carriers and env-modifier preludes, preventing companion-side approval/display drift. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
 - Security/Exec approvals: fail closed when transparent dispatch-wrapper unwrapping exceeds the depth cap, so nested `/usr/bin/env` chains cannot bypass shell-wrapper approval gating in `allowlist` + `ask=on-miss` mode. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
 - Security/Exec: limit default safe-bin trusted directories to immutable system paths (`/bin`, `/usr/bin`) and require explicit opt-in (`tools.exec.safeBinTrustedDirs`) for package-manager/user bin paths (for example Homebrew), add security-audit findings for risky trusted-dir choices, warn at runtime when explicitly trusted dirs are group/world writable, and add doctor hints when configured `safeBins` resolve outside trusted dirs. Thanks @tdjackey for reporting.
+- Telegram/Media fetch: prioritize IPv4 before IPv6 in SSRF pinned DNS address ordering so media downloads still work on hosts with broken IPv6 routing. (#24295, #23975) Thanks @Glucksberg.
+- Telegram/Outbound API: replace Node 22's global undici dispatcher when applying Telegram `autoSelectFamily` decisions so outbound `fetch` calls inherit IPv4 fallback instead of staying pinned to stale dispatcher settings. (#25682, #25676) Thanks @lairtonlelis.
+- Agents/Billing classification: prevent long assistant/user-facing text from being rewritten as billing failures while preserving explicit `status/code/http 402` detection for oversized structured error payloads. (#25680, #25661) Thanks @lairtonlelis.
+- Telegram/Replies: when markdown formatting renders to empty HTML (for example syntax-only chunks in threaded replies), retry delivery with plain text, and fail loud when both formatted and plain payloads are empty to avoid false delivered states. (#25096, #25091) Thanks @Glucksberg.
+- Sessions/Tool-result guard: avoid generating synthetic `toolResult` entries for assistant turns that ended with `stopReason: "aborted"` or `"error"`, preventing orphaned tool-use IDs from triggering downstream API validation errors. (#25429) Thanks @mikaeldiakhate-cell.
+- Gateway/Sessions: preserve `modelProvider` on `sessions.reset` and avoid incorrect provider prefixes for legacy session models. (#25874) Thanks @lbo728.
+- Usage accounting: parse Moonshot/Kimi `cached_tokens` fields (including `prompt_tokens_details.cached_tokens`) into normalized cache-read usage metrics. (#25436) Thanks @Elarwei001.
+- Doctor/Sandbox: when sandbox mode is enabled but Docker is unavailable, surface a clear actionable warning (including failure impact and remediation) instead of a mild “skip checks” note. (#25438) Thanks @mcaxtr.
+- Config/Meta: accept numeric `meta.lastTouchedAt` timestamps and coerce them to ISO strings, preserving compatibility with agent edits that write `Date.now()` values. (#25491) Thanks @mcaxtr.
+- Auto-reply/Reset hooks: guarantee native `/new` and `/reset` flows emit command/reset hooks even on early-return command paths, with dedupe protection to avoid double hook emission. (#25459) Thanks @chilu18.
+- Hooks/Slug generator: resolve session slug model from the agent’s effective model (including defaults/fallback resolution) instead of raw agent-primary config only. (#25485) Thanks @SudeepMalipeddi.
+- Slack/DM routing: treat `D*` channel IDs as direct messages even when Slack sends an incorrect `channel_type`, preventing DM traffic from being misclassified as channel/group chats. (#25479) Thanks @mcaxtr.
+- Models/Providers: preserve explicit user `reasoning` overrides when merging provider model config with built-in catalog metadata, so `reasoning: false` is no longer overwritten by catalog defaults. (#25314) Thanks @lbo728.
+- Exec approvals: treat bare allowlist `*` as a true wildcard for parsed executables, including unresolved PATH lookups, so global opt-in allowlists work as configured. (#25250) Thanks @widingmarcus-cyber.
+- Gateway/Auth: allow trusted-proxy authenticated Control UI websocket sessions to skip device pairing when device identity is absent, preventing false `pairing required` failures behind trusted reverse proxies. (#25428) Thanks @SidQin-cyber.
+- Agents/Tool dispatch: await block-reply flush before tool execution starts so buffered block replies preserve message ordering around tool calls. (#25427) Thanks @SidQin-cyber.
+- iOS/Signing: improve `scripts/ios-team-id.sh` for Xcode 16+ by falling back to Xcode-managed provisioning profiles, add actionable guidance when an Apple account exists but no Team ID can be resolved, and ignore Xcode `xcodebuild` output directories (`apps/ios/build`, `apps/shared/OpenClawKit/build`, `Swabble/build`). (#22773) Thanks @brianleach.
+- macOS/Menu bar: stop reusing the injector delegate for the "Usage cost (30 days)" submenu to prevent recursive submenu injection loops when opening cost history. (#25341) Thanks @yingchunbai.
+- Control UI/Chat images: route image-click opens through a shared safe-open helper (allowing only safe URL schemes) and open new tabs with opener isolation to block tabnabbing. (#18685, #25444, #25847) Thanks @Mariana-Codebase and @shakkernerd.
+- CLI/Doctor: correct stale recovery hints to use valid commands (`openclaw gateway status --deep` and `openclaw configure --section model`). (#24485) Thanks @chilu18.
+- CLI/Memory search: accept `--query <text>` for `openclaw memory search` (while keeping positional query support), and emit a clear error when neither form is provided. (#25904, #25857) Thanks @niceysam and @stakeswky.
 - Security/Sandbox: canonicalize bind-mount source paths via existing-ancestor realpath so symlink-parent + non-existent-leaf paths cannot bypass allowed-source-roots or blocked-path checks. Thanks @tdjackey.
 
 ## 2026.2.23
diff --git a/src/gateway/server.sessions.gateway-server-sessions-a.test.ts b/src/gateway/server.sessions.gateway-server-sessions-a.test.ts
index 0ffa73c9270..b05cf2220ed 100644
--- a/src/gateway/server.sessions.gateway-server-sessions-a.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/server.sessions.gateway-server-sessions-a.test.ts
@@ -202,6 +202,8 @@ describe("gateway server sessions", () => {
         main: {
           sessionId: "sess-main",
           updatedAt: recent,
+          modelProvider: "anthropic",
+          model: "claude-sonnet-4-6",
           inputTokens: 10,
           outputTokens: 20,
           thinkingLevel: "low",
@@ -456,11 +458,13 @@ describe("gateway server sessions", () => {
     const reset = await rpcReq<{
       ok: true;
       key: string;
-      entry: { sessionId: string };
+      entry: { sessionId: string; modelProvider?: string; model?: string };
     }>(ws, "sessions.reset", { key: "agent:main:main" });
     expect(reset.ok).toBe(true);
     expect(reset.payload?.key).toBe("agent:main:main");
     expect(reset.payload?.entry.sessionId).not.toBe("sess-main");
+    expect(reset.payload?.entry.modelProvider).toBe("anthropic");
+    expect(reset.payload?.entry.model).toBe("claude-sonnet-4-6");
     const filesAfterReset = await fs.readdir(dir);
     expect(filesAfterReset.some((f) => f.startsWith("sess-main.jsonl.reset."))).toBe(true);
 
diff --git a/src/gateway/session-utils.test.ts b/src/gateway/session-utils.test.ts
index f22592ccba7..1af536850b2 100644
--- a/src/gateway/session-utils.test.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/session-utils.test.ts
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import {
   parseGroupKey,
   pruneLegacyStoreKeys,
   resolveGatewaySessionStoreTarget,
+  resolveSessionModelIdentityRef,
   resolveSessionModelRef,
   resolveSessionStoreKey,
 } from "./session-utils.js";
@@ -340,10 +341,7 @@ describe("resolveSessionModelRef", () => {
     expect(resolved).toEqual({ provider: "openai-codex", model: "gpt-5.3-codex" });
   });
 
-  test("does not inherit config default provider for legacy session without modelProvider", () => {
-    // Regression: when config default_model is "google-gemini-cli/gemini-3-pro-preview"
-    // and a legacy session entry has model="claude-sonnet-4-6" but modelProvider is
-    // undefined, the TUI footer should NOT show "google-gemini-cli/claude-sonnet-4-6".
+  test("falls back to resolved provider for unprefixed legacy runtime model", () => {
     const cfg = {
       agents: {
         defaults: {
@@ -359,10 +357,10 @@ describe("resolveSessionModelRef", () => {
       modelProvider: undefined,
     });
 
-    // The provider must NOT be "google-gemini-cli" — it should fall back to
-    // the system default provider, not the config-resolved provider.
-    expect(resolved.provider).not.toBe("google-gemini-cli");
-    expect(resolved.model).toBe("claude-sonnet-4-6");
+    expect(resolved).toEqual({
+      provider: "google-gemini-cli",
+      model: "claude-sonnet-4-6",
+    });
   });
 
   test("preserves provider from slash-prefixed model when modelProvider is missing", () => {
@@ -387,6 +385,91 @@ describe("resolveSessionModelRef", () => {
   });
 });
 
+describe("resolveSessionModelIdentityRef", () => {
+  test("does not inherit default provider for unprefixed legacy runtime model", () => {
+    const cfg = {
+      agents: {
+        defaults: {
+          model: { primary: "google-gemini-cli/gemini-3-pro-preview" },
+        },
+      },
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
+
+    const resolved = resolveSessionModelIdentityRef(cfg, {
+      sessionId: "legacy-session",
+      updatedAt: Date.now(),
+      model: "claude-sonnet-4-6",
+      modelProvider: undefined,
+    });
+
+    expect(resolved).toEqual({ model: "claude-sonnet-4-6" });
+  });
+
+  test("infers provider from configured model allowlist when unambiguous", () => {
+    const cfg = {
+      agents: {
+        defaults: {
+          model: { primary: "google-gemini-cli/gemini-3-pro-preview" },
+          models: {
+            "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6": {},
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
+
+    const resolved = resolveSessionModelIdentityRef(cfg, {
+      sessionId: "legacy-session",
+      updatedAt: Date.now(),
+      model: "claude-sonnet-4-6",
+      modelProvider: undefined,
+    });
+
+    expect(resolved).toEqual({ provider: "anthropic", model: "claude-sonnet-4-6" });
+  });
+
+  test("keeps provider unknown when configured models are ambiguous", () => {
+    const cfg = {
+      agents: {
+        defaults: {
+          model: { primary: "google-gemini-cli/gemini-3-pro-preview" },
+          models: {
+            "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6": {},
+            "minimax/claude-sonnet-4-6": {},
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
+
+    const resolved = resolveSessionModelIdentityRef(cfg, {
+      sessionId: "legacy-session",
+      updatedAt: Date.now(),
+      model: "claude-sonnet-4-6",
+      modelProvider: undefined,
+    });
+
+    expect(resolved).toEqual({ model: "claude-sonnet-4-6" });
+  });
+
+  test("preserves provider from slash-prefixed runtime model", () => {
+    const cfg = {
+      agents: {
+        defaults: {
+          model: { primary: "google-gemini-cli/gemini-3-pro-preview" },
+        },
+      },
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
+
+    const resolved = resolveSessionModelIdentityRef(cfg, {
+      sessionId: "slash-model",
+      updatedAt: Date.now(),
+      model: "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6",
+      modelProvider: undefined,
+    });
+
+    expect(resolved).toEqual({ provider: "anthropic", model: "claude-sonnet-4-6" });
+  });
+});
+
 describe("deriveSessionTitle", () => {
   test("returns undefined for undefined entry", () => {
     expect(deriveSessionTitle(undefined)).toBeUndefined();
@@ -575,6 +658,67 @@ describe("listSessionsFromStore search", () => {
     expect(result.sessions.map((session) => session.key)).toEqual(["agent:main:cron:job-1"]);
   });
 
+  test("does not guess provider for legacy runtime model without modelProvider", () => {
+    const cfg = {
+      session: { mainKey: "main" },
+      agents: {
+        defaults: {
+          model: { primary: "google-gemini-cli/gemini-3-pro-preview" },
+        },
+      },
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
+    const now = Date.now();
+    const store: Record<string, SessionEntry> = {
+      "agent:main:main": {
+        sessionId: "sess-main",
+        updatedAt: now,
+        model: "claude-sonnet-4-6",
+      } as SessionEntry,
+    };
+
+    const result = listSessionsFromStore({
+      cfg,
+      storePath: "/tmp/sessions.json",
+      store,
+      opts: {},
+    });
+
+    expect(result.sessions[0]?.modelProvider).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(result.sessions[0]?.model).toBe("claude-sonnet-4-6");
+  });
+
+  test("infers provider for legacy runtime model when allowlist match is unique", () => {
+    const cfg = {
+      session: { mainKey: "main" },
+      agents: {
+        defaults: {
+          model: { primary: "google-gemini-cli/gemini-3-pro-preview" },
+          models: {
+            "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-6": {},
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    } as OpenClawConfig;
+    const now = Date.now();
+    const store: Record<string, SessionEntry> = {
+      "agent:main:main": {
+        sessionId: "sess-main",
+        updatedAt: now,
+        model: "claude-sonnet-4-6",
+      } as SessionEntry,
+    };
+
+    const result = listSessionsFromStore({
+      cfg,
+      storePath: "/tmp/sessions.json",
+      store,
+      opts: {},
+    });
+
+    expect(result.sessions[0]?.modelProvider).toBe("anthropic");
+    expect(result.sessions[0]?.model).toBe("claude-sonnet-4-6");
+  });
+
   test("exposes unknown totals when freshness is stale or missing", () => {
     const now = Date.now();
     const store: Record<string, SessionEntry> = {
diff --git a/src/gateway/session-utils.ts b/src/gateway/session-utils.ts
index 46c019fb82a..dde5d993988 100644
--- a/src/gateway/session-utils.ts
+++ b/src/gateway/session-utils.ts
@@ -634,6 +634,42 @@ export function getSessionDefaults(cfg: OpenClawConfig): GatewaySessionsDefaults
   };
 }
 
+function inferProviderFromConfiguredModels(
+  cfg: OpenClawConfig,
+  runtimeModel: string,
+): string | undefined {
+  const model = runtimeModel.trim();
+  if (!model || model.includes("/")) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  const configuredModels = cfg.agents?.defaults?.models;
+  if (!configuredModels) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  const normalized = model.toLowerCase();
+  const providers = new Set<string>();
+  for (const key of Object.keys(configuredModels)) {
+    const ref = key.trim();
+    if (!ref || !ref.includes("/")) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const parsed = parseModelRef(ref, DEFAULT_PROVIDER);
+    if (!parsed) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (parsed.model === model || parsed.model.toLowerCase() === normalized) {
+      providers.add(parsed.provider);
+      if (providers.size > 1) {
+        return undefined;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (providers.size !== 1) {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  return providers.values().next().value;
+}
+
 export function resolveSessionModelRef(
   cfg: OpenClawConfig,
   entry?:
@@ -665,19 +701,7 @@ export function resolveSessionModelRef(
       // provider the user has no credentials for.
       return { provider: runtimeProvider, model: runtimeModel };
     }
-    // Legacy session entries may have model recorded without modelProvider.
-    // When runtimeModel has no "/" prefix, parseModelRef would use the fallback
-    // provider — but using `resolved.provider` (from config default_model) is wrong
-    // because the default model may belong to a completely different provider.
-    // Example: config default_model = "google-gemini-cli/gemini-3-pro-preview" but
-    // session model = "claude-sonnet-4-6" → would wrongly resolve to
-    // { provider: "google-gemini-cli", model: "claude-sonnet-4-6" }.
-    // Fix: use DEFAULT_PROVIDER as the fallback for unprefixed model names so we
-    // don't cross-contaminate the provider from an unrelated config default.
-    const fallbackProvider = runtimeModel.includes("/")
-      ? provider || DEFAULT_PROVIDER
-      : DEFAULT_PROVIDER;
-    const parsedRuntime = parseModelRef(runtimeModel, fallbackProvider);
+    const parsedRuntime = parseModelRef(runtimeModel, provider || DEFAULT_PROVIDER);
     if (parsedRuntime) {
       provider = parsedRuntime.provider;
       model = parsedRuntime.model;
@@ -704,6 +728,35 @@ export function resolveSessionModelRef(
   return { provider, model };
 }
 
+export function resolveSessionModelIdentityRef(
+  cfg: OpenClawConfig,
+  entry?:
+    | SessionEntry
+    | Pick<SessionEntry, "model" | "modelProvider" | "modelOverride" | "providerOverride">,
+  agentId?: string,
+): { provider?: string; model: string } {
+  const runtimeModel = entry?.model?.trim();
+  const runtimeProvider = entry?.modelProvider?.trim();
+  if (runtimeModel) {
+    if (runtimeProvider) {
+      return { provider: runtimeProvider, model: runtimeModel };
+    }
+    if (runtimeModel.includes("/")) {
+      const parsedRuntime = parseModelRef(runtimeModel, DEFAULT_PROVIDER);
+      if (parsedRuntime) {
+        return { provider: parsedRuntime.provider, model: parsedRuntime.model };
+      }
+      return { model: runtimeModel };
+    }
+    const inferredProvider = inferProviderFromConfiguredModels(cfg, runtimeModel);
+    return inferredProvider
+      ? { provider: inferredProvider, model: runtimeModel }
+      : { model: runtimeModel };
+  }
+  const resolved = resolveSessionModelRef(cfg, entry, agentId);
+  return { provider: resolved.provider, model: resolved.model };
+}
+
 export function listSessionsFromStore(params: {
   cfg: OpenClawConfig;
   storePath: string;
@@ -794,8 +847,8 @@ export function listSessionsFromStore(params: {
       const deliveryFields = normalizeSessionDeliveryFields(entry);
       const parsedAgent = parseAgentSessionKey(key);
       const sessionAgentId = normalizeAgentId(parsedAgent?.agentId ?? resolveDefaultAgentId(cfg));
-      const resolvedModel = resolveSessionModelRef(cfg, entry, sessionAgentId);
-      const modelProvider = resolvedModel.provider ?? DEFAULT_PROVIDER;
+      const resolvedModel = resolveSessionModelIdentityRef(cfg, entry, sessionAgentId);
+      const modelProvider = resolvedModel.provider;
       const model = resolvedModel.model ?? DEFAULT_MODEL;
       return {
         key,